Nursing Communication and Educational Technology
Pramilaa, R
Nursing Communication and Educational Technology - New Delhi Jaypee Brother 2010 - 464p.
Contents.............................................
1. Communication.......................................................................... 1
Definitions of communication ........................................................................................ 2
Scope of communication ................................................................................................ 2
Communication is an art and science ............................................................................ 3
Theories of communication ............................................................................................ 3
Communication process: models and theories .............................................................. 4
A model of communication ............................................................................................. 4
Objectives of communication ......................................................................................... 5
Elements of communication process .............................................................................. 6
Principles of communication ......................................................................................... 7
Forms of communication ............................................................................................... 8
Patterns of communication ........................................................................................... 11
Levels of communication .............................................................................................. 12
Benefits of communication ........................................................................................... 13
Ten commandments of good communication ............................................................... 13
Seven C’s of communication ........................................................................................ 14
Functions of communication ........................................................................................ 15
Factors influencing communication ............................................................................. 16
Guidelines for effective communication ....................................................................... 16
Barriers of communication .......................................................................................... 17
Methods to overcome barriers of communication ....................................................... 21
2. Interpersonal Relations ........................................................... 24
Therapeutic communication ......................................................................................... 24
Developing an interpersonal relationship ................................................................... 25
Dimensions of helping relationship ............................................................................. 25
Phases of interpersonal relationship ........................................................................... 26
Interpersonal communication skills ............................................................................. 29
Goals of listening skills ................................................................................................ 29
Congruency in communication .................................................................................... 30
Cultural influences in therapeutic communication ...................................................... 30
Transactional analysis ................................................................................................. 31
Peplau’s interpersonal relations .................................................................................. 33
The Johari window ....................................................................................................... 35
Barriers/blocks to effective communication ................................................................. 37
Strategies to facilitate effective communication .......................................................... 38
3. Human Relations ..................................................................... 40
Definition of human relations ...................................................................................... 40
Fundamental concepts of human relations .................................................................. 41
Principles to develop human relations ......................................................................... 44
Basic human relations factors ...................................................................................... 44
Role of human relations ............................................................................................... 47
Human relations in hospitals ....................................................................................... 47
Social nature of behavior ............................................................................................. 48
Sociometry .................................................................................................................... 48
Groups .......................................................................................................................... 49
Concepts related to group dynamics ............................................................................ 51
Individuals and groups ................................................................................................. 58
Concepts related to group process ............................................................................... 59
Phases of group development ....................................................................................... 62
Types of therapeutic groups ......................................................................................... 65
Types of health care groups .......................................................................................... 66
Understanding self ....................................................................................................... 67
Teamwork ..................................................................................................................... 70
4. Guidance and Counseling ....................................................... 72
Meaning of guidance .................................................................................................... 73
Meaning of counseling ................................................................................................. 73
Definitions of guidance ................................................................................................ 73
Definitions of counseling ............................................................................................ 73
Scope of guidance and counseling .............................................................................. 74
Need for guidance and counseling ............................................................................. 74
Purposes of guidance and counseling ........................................................................ 75
Functions of guidance and counseling ...................................................................... 76
Characteristics of guidance ........................................................................................ 76
Characteristics of counseling process ....................................................................... 77
Basic principles of guidance ........................................................................................ 77
Basic assumptions of guidance .................................................................................... 79
Principles of counseling .............................................................................................. 79
Basis for guidance and counseling ............................................................................ 79
Types of guidance ......................................................................................................... 80
Areas of guidance and counseling ............................................................................. 80
Guidance and counseling services ............................................................................. 84
Elements of counseling................................................................................................ 88
Levels of counseling .................................................................................................... 89
Types of counseling ..................................................................................................... 89
Approaches to counseling process ............................................................................. 90
Dimensions of counseling process ............................................................................. 92
Purposes of student counseling ................................................................................... 93
Types of students requiring counseling ....................................................................... 93
Organization of guidance services ............................................................................... 93
Organization of guidance and counseling program in nursing institutions ............. 94
Guidance and counseling personnel .......................................................................... 95
Techniques of guidance and counseling ...................................................................... 98
Tools for counseling process ..................................................................................... 103
Phases of counseling ................................................................................................. 104
x Nursing Communication and Educational Technology
Counseling relationship ............................................................................................. 105
Managing personal crisis ........................................................................................... 107
Problems in guidance and counseling ....................................................................... 109
5. Philosophy and Education .....................................................111
Philosophy ................................................................................................................... 111
Meaning of philosophy ................................................................................................ 111
Definitions of philosophy ............................................................................................ 114
Scope pf philosophy .................................................................................................... 115
Education .................................................................................................................... 116
Concept of education .................................................................................................. 117
Scope of education ...................................................................................................... 117
Definitions of education .............................................................................................. 118
Meaning of education .................................................................................................. 118
Chief characteristics of education ............................................................................. 122
Types of education ...................................................................................................... 122
Education in modern era............................................................................................ 123
Needed reforms in education ..................................................................................... 124
Need for philosophy of education .............................................................................. 125
Philosophy and education – their interdependence ................................................... 126
Philosophy of education ............................................................................................. 130
Philosophy of nursing and nursing education ........................................................... 130
Meaning of aim of education ..................................................................................... 130
Necessity for aims of education ................................................................................. 130
Criteria of sound educational aim ............................................................................. 131
Importance of aims of education in India .................................................................. 131
Educational needs of democratic India ..................................................................... 134
Functions of education ............................................................................................... 140
Traditional and contemporary educational philosophies .......................................... 142
Idealism ...................................................................................................................... 142
Naturalism .................................................................................................................. 145
Pragmatism ................................................................................................................ 147
Realism ....................................................................................................................... 149
Progressivism ............................................................................................................. 150
Essentialism ............................................................................................................... 151
Perennialism............................................................................................................... 152
Existentialism ............................................................................................................. 153
Reconstructionism ...................................................................................................... 154
Eclectism .................................................................................................................... 156
6. Curriculum ............................................................................. 157
Definitions of curriculum ........................................................................................... 158
Aims of curriculum ..................................................................................................... 159
Bases of curriculum ................................................................................................... 160
General education curriculum .................................................................................. 160
Levels of curriculum planning ................................................................................. 161
Contents xi
Nursing curriculum ................................................................................................... 162
Factors influencing curriculum development in nursing education ......................... 163
The ABC of curriculum organization ......................................................................... 165
Principles of curriculum construction ....................................................................... 167
Educative process ....................................................................................................... 168
Approaches to curriculum planning ........................................................................... 169
Curriculum orientations ............................................................................................. 170
A curriculum model by Ralph Tyler ........................................................................... 171
Types of curricula ....................................................................................................... 173
Steps in the development of curriculum ..................................................................... 174
Barriers to curriculum development .......................................................................... 180
Sequence of planning a curriculum ........................................................................... 182
Course planning ......................................................................................................... 183
Unit planning ............................................................................................................. 185
Lesson planning ......................................................................................................... 190
7. Educational Objectives ......................................................... 199
Meaning of educational objectives ............................................................................ 199
Purposes of educational objectives ............................................................................ 200
Data sources for formulation of educational objectives ............................................ 200
Characteristics of educational objectives .................................................................. 200
Types of educational objectives .................................................................................. 201
Selection and statement of objectives......................................................................... 213
Categories of behavioral change ............................................................................... 213
Integrated framework by Miller ................................................................................. 213
Criteria for selection and statement of objectives ..................................................... 214
Steps for stating objectives ......................................................................................... 214
8. Educational Technology ........................................................ 218
Meaning of educational technology .......................................................................... 218
Definitions of educational technology ...................................................................... 219
Nature and characteristics of educational technology ............................................. 219
General objectives of educational technology .......................................................... 220
Scope of educational technology............................................................................... 221
Classification of educational technology .................................................................. 221
Functions of educational technology ........................................................................ 221
Divisions and sources of educational technology ..................................................... 222
Contribution of educational technology ................................................................... 222
9. Teaching and Learning Process ............................................ 223
Concept of teaching ................................................................................................... 223
Definitions of teaching ............................................................................................... 224
Views of teaching........................................................................................................ 224
Nature and characteristics of teaching ...................................................................... 225
xii Nursing Communication and Educational Technology
Psychological principles of teaching ......................................................................... 225
General principles of teaching .................................................................................. 227
Maxims of methodical teaching ................................................................................ 228
Marks of good teaching.............................................................................................. 229
Models of teaching ..................................................................................................... 230
Structure of teaching: three variables ....................................................................... 231
Functions of three variables ....................................................................................... 232
Phases of teaching .................................................................................................... 232
Functions of teaching ................................................................................................ 233
Concept of learning .................................................................................................... 233
Definitions of learning ............................................................................................... 233
Theories of learning .................................................................................................. 234
Steps in learning ........................................................................................................ 235
Characteristics of learning ........................................................................................ 236
Principles of effective learning .................................................................................. 238
Ten principles of learning ......................................................................................... 239
Forms of learning...................................................................................................... 240
Laws of learning ......................................................................................................... 240
Factors influencing learning ..................................................................................... 242
Seven principles of good practice in education ......................................................... 242
Teaching and learning strategies .............................................................................. 243
Devices of teaching .................................................................................................... 249
Strategies to improve teaching ................................................................................... 250
Teaching and learning process................................................................................... 252
A transactional model of teaching and learning process ........................................... 253
10. Methods of Teaching.............................................................. 256
Principles for selection of teaching and learning methods ....................................... 256
Lecture method ........................................................................................................... 257
Demonstration method ............................................................................................... 259
Lecture-cum-demonstration ....................................................................................... 261
Discussion method ..................................................................................................... 262
Seminar ...................................................................................................................... 268
Problem-based learning ............................................................................................. 270
Role playing ............................................................................................................... 273
Self-instruction activities ............................................................................................ 275
Simulated teaching ..................................................................................................... 276
Project method ........................................................................................................... 279
Microteaching ............................................................................................................ 281
Field trip .................................................................................................................... 287
Programmed instruction/ learning ............................................................................. 288
Team teaching ............................................................................................................ 299
Workshop .................................................................................................................... 303
Computers .................................................................................................................. 304
Questioning ................................................................................................................ 314
Contents xiii
11. Methods of Clinical Teaching ............................................... 320
Philosophy of clinical teaching .................................................................................. 320
Outcomes of clinical teaching .................................................................................... 321
Clinical teaching model ............................................................................................. 322
Clinical teaching skills ............................................................................................... 324
Factors influencing clinical teaching ....................................................................... 324
Purposes of clinical teaching .................................................................................... 324
Preparation for clinical instruction ........................................................................... 325
Conducting a clinical teaching session ..................................................................... 326
Case method ............................................................................................................... 327
Nursing care study ..................................................................................................... 330
Process recording ....................................................................................................... 331
Bedside clinic ............................................................................................................. 334
Individual conference ................................................................................................. 335
Group conference ....................................................................................................... 335
Nursing care conferences ........................................................................................... 336
Teaching rounds ......................................................................................................... 336
Nursing rounds ........................................................................................................... 338
Patient care assignment ............................................................................................. 339
12. Educational Media................................................................. 342
Definitions of audio-visual aids ................................................................................. 342
Psychology of using teaching aids/ audio-visual aids ............................................... 343
Principles for effective use of an audio-visual education program .......................... 343
Principles in the use of teaching aids ........................................................................ 344
Qualities of good teaching aids ................................................................................. 345
Factors influencing the selection of audio-visual aids ............................................. 345
Effective use of audio-visual aids ............................................................................. 345
Advantages of audio-visual aids ............................................................................... 346
Disadvantages of audio-visual aids .......................................................................... 347
Sources of information on educational media ........................................................... 348
Cone of experience ..................................................................................................... 348
Classification of audio-visual aids ............................................................................ 349
Educational exhibits ................................................................................................... 349
Blackboard ................................................................................................................. 350
Bulletin board ............................................................................................................. 352
Flannel board ............................................................................................................. 353
Poster ......................................................................................................................... 353
Flash cards ................................................................................................................. 354
Using cartoons ........................................................................................................... 355
Charts ......................................................................................................................... 355
Flannel graph ............................................................................................................. 357
Globe .......................................................................................................................... 358
Graphs ........................................................................................................................ 358
Maps ........................................................................................................................... 359
Three dimensional aids .............................................................................................. 360
xiv Nursing Communication and Educational Technology
Puppet ........................................................................................................................ 361
Handouts .................................................................................................................... 364
Pamphlet .................................................................................................................... 365
Leaflet ......................................................................................................................... 365
Using slides ................................................................................................................ 367
Using transparencies on OHP ................................................................................... 367
Epidiascope ................................................................................................................ 369
Filmstrip ..................................................................................................................... 370
Projector..................................................................................................................... 370
Educational television or instructional television ..................................................... 371
Motion pictures .......................................................................................................... 374
Video cassettes ........................................................................................................... 376
LCD panels ................................................................................................................ 376
Radio and recordings ................................................................................................. 377
13. Evaluation .............................................................................. 379
Meaning of evaluation ............................................................................................... 379
Definitions of evaluation ........................................................................................... 379
Philosophy of evaluation ........................................................................................... 380
Psychology of evaluation .......................................................................................... 381
Triangle of objective, learning experiences and evaluation ..................................... 381
Purposes of evaluation .............................................................................................. 382
Functions of evaluation ............................................................................................. 382
Complexity of evaluation in nursing ......................................................................... 382
Meaning of measurement ........................................................................................... 383
Essentials of measurement ......................................................................................... 383
Functions of measurement ......................................................................................... 383
Basic principles underlying evaluation...................................................................... 383
Characteristics of techniques of evaluation .............................................................. 384
Four aspects of educational evaluation ................................................................... 385
Criteria for selection of evaluation devices/qualities of measuring instrument ........ 385
Student evaluation ..................................................................................................... 389
Evaluation process ..................................................................................................... 389
Total scheme of evaluation ......................................................................................... 394
Construction of test .................................................................................................... 395
Item writing ................................................................................................................ 397
Editing test items ........................................................................................................ 402
Assembling and administering a test ......................................................................... 402
Scoring and analyzing a test ...................................................................................... 405
Item analysis .............................................................................................................. 406
Assigning grades ........................................................................................................ 409
Levels of measurement ............................................................................................... 410
Rating scales ............................................................................................................... 411
Internal assessment .................................................................................................... 412
External examination ................................................................................................. 413
Advantages of testing and evaluation ....................................................................... 413
Contents xv
xvi Nursing Communication and Educational Technology
Reforms in the system of examination ........................................................................ 414
Clinical evaluation .................................................................................................... 414
Objective structured clinical examination ................................................................. 424
Curriculum evaluation ............................................................................................... 428
14. Information, Education and Communication for
Health...................................................................................... 433
Concept of health ....................................................................................................... 433
Concept of heath education........................................................................................ 433
Scope of health education .......................................................................................... 434
Definitions of health education .................................................................................. 434
Aims and objectives of health education .................................................................. 434
Models of health education ........................................................................................ 434
Principles of health education .................................................................................. 435
Definition of patient education .................................................................................. 437
Goals of patient education ......................................................................................... 437
Patient education process .......................................................................................... 437
Communicating health messages .............................................................................. 445
Mass media in health communication ........................................................................ 450
Health communication ............................................................................................... 452
Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 455
Index ........................................................................................................................... 461
9788184489491
Nursing Communication and Educational Technology - New Delhi Jaypee Brother 2010 - 464p.
Contents.............................................
1. Communication.......................................................................... 1
Definitions of communication ........................................................................................ 2
Scope of communication ................................................................................................ 2
Communication is an art and science ............................................................................ 3
Theories of communication ............................................................................................ 3
Communication process: models and theories .............................................................. 4
A model of communication ............................................................................................. 4
Objectives of communication ......................................................................................... 5
Elements of communication process .............................................................................. 6
Principles of communication ......................................................................................... 7
Forms of communication ............................................................................................... 8
Patterns of communication ........................................................................................... 11
Levels of communication .............................................................................................. 12
Benefits of communication ........................................................................................... 13
Ten commandments of good communication ............................................................... 13
Seven C’s of communication ........................................................................................ 14
Functions of communication ........................................................................................ 15
Factors influencing communication ............................................................................. 16
Guidelines for effective communication ....................................................................... 16
Barriers of communication .......................................................................................... 17
Methods to overcome barriers of communication ....................................................... 21
2. Interpersonal Relations ........................................................... 24
Therapeutic communication ......................................................................................... 24
Developing an interpersonal relationship ................................................................... 25
Dimensions of helping relationship ............................................................................. 25
Phases of interpersonal relationship ........................................................................... 26
Interpersonal communication skills ............................................................................. 29
Goals of listening skills ................................................................................................ 29
Congruency in communication .................................................................................... 30
Cultural influences in therapeutic communication ...................................................... 30
Transactional analysis ................................................................................................. 31
Peplau’s interpersonal relations .................................................................................. 33
The Johari window ....................................................................................................... 35
Barriers/blocks to effective communication ................................................................. 37
Strategies to facilitate effective communication .......................................................... 38
3. Human Relations ..................................................................... 40
Definition of human relations ...................................................................................... 40
Fundamental concepts of human relations .................................................................. 41
Principles to develop human relations ......................................................................... 44
Basic human relations factors ...................................................................................... 44
Role of human relations ............................................................................................... 47
Human relations in hospitals ....................................................................................... 47
Social nature of behavior ............................................................................................. 48
Sociometry .................................................................................................................... 48
Groups .......................................................................................................................... 49
Concepts related to group dynamics ............................................................................ 51
Individuals and groups ................................................................................................. 58
Concepts related to group process ............................................................................... 59
Phases of group development ....................................................................................... 62
Types of therapeutic groups ......................................................................................... 65
Types of health care groups .......................................................................................... 66
Understanding self ....................................................................................................... 67
Teamwork ..................................................................................................................... 70
4. Guidance and Counseling ....................................................... 72
Meaning of guidance .................................................................................................... 73
Meaning of counseling ................................................................................................. 73
Definitions of guidance ................................................................................................ 73
Definitions of counseling ............................................................................................ 73
Scope of guidance and counseling .............................................................................. 74
Need for guidance and counseling ............................................................................. 74
Purposes of guidance and counseling ........................................................................ 75
Functions of guidance and counseling ...................................................................... 76
Characteristics of guidance ........................................................................................ 76
Characteristics of counseling process ....................................................................... 77
Basic principles of guidance ........................................................................................ 77
Basic assumptions of guidance .................................................................................... 79
Principles of counseling .............................................................................................. 79
Basis for guidance and counseling ............................................................................ 79
Types of guidance ......................................................................................................... 80
Areas of guidance and counseling ............................................................................. 80
Guidance and counseling services ............................................................................. 84
Elements of counseling................................................................................................ 88
Levels of counseling .................................................................................................... 89
Types of counseling ..................................................................................................... 89
Approaches to counseling process ............................................................................. 90
Dimensions of counseling process ............................................................................. 92
Purposes of student counseling ................................................................................... 93
Types of students requiring counseling ....................................................................... 93
Organization of guidance services ............................................................................... 93
Organization of guidance and counseling program in nursing institutions ............. 94
Guidance and counseling personnel .......................................................................... 95
Techniques of guidance and counseling ...................................................................... 98
Tools for counseling process ..................................................................................... 103
Phases of counseling ................................................................................................. 104
x Nursing Communication and Educational Technology
Counseling relationship ............................................................................................. 105
Managing personal crisis ........................................................................................... 107
Problems in guidance and counseling ....................................................................... 109
5. Philosophy and Education .....................................................111
Philosophy ................................................................................................................... 111
Meaning of philosophy ................................................................................................ 111
Definitions of philosophy ............................................................................................ 114
Scope pf philosophy .................................................................................................... 115
Education .................................................................................................................... 116
Concept of education .................................................................................................. 117
Scope of education ...................................................................................................... 117
Definitions of education .............................................................................................. 118
Meaning of education .................................................................................................. 118
Chief characteristics of education ............................................................................. 122
Types of education ...................................................................................................... 122
Education in modern era............................................................................................ 123
Needed reforms in education ..................................................................................... 124
Need for philosophy of education .............................................................................. 125
Philosophy and education – their interdependence ................................................... 126
Philosophy of education ............................................................................................. 130
Philosophy of nursing and nursing education ........................................................... 130
Meaning of aim of education ..................................................................................... 130
Necessity for aims of education ................................................................................. 130
Criteria of sound educational aim ............................................................................. 131
Importance of aims of education in India .................................................................. 131
Educational needs of democratic India ..................................................................... 134
Functions of education ............................................................................................... 140
Traditional and contemporary educational philosophies .......................................... 142
Idealism ...................................................................................................................... 142
Naturalism .................................................................................................................. 145
Pragmatism ................................................................................................................ 147
Realism ....................................................................................................................... 149
Progressivism ............................................................................................................. 150
Essentialism ............................................................................................................... 151
Perennialism............................................................................................................... 152
Existentialism ............................................................................................................. 153
Reconstructionism ...................................................................................................... 154
Eclectism .................................................................................................................... 156
6. Curriculum ............................................................................. 157
Definitions of curriculum ........................................................................................... 158
Aims of curriculum ..................................................................................................... 159
Bases of curriculum ................................................................................................... 160
General education curriculum .................................................................................. 160
Levels of curriculum planning ................................................................................. 161
Contents xi
Nursing curriculum ................................................................................................... 162
Factors influencing curriculum development in nursing education ......................... 163
The ABC of curriculum organization ......................................................................... 165
Principles of curriculum construction ....................................................................... 167
Educative process ....................................................................................................... 168
Approaches to curriculum planning ........................................................................... 169
Curriculum orientations ............................................................................................. 170
A curriculum model by Ralph Tyler ........................................................................... 171
Types of curricula ....................................................................................................... 173
Steps in the development of curriculum ..................................................................... 174
Barriers to curriculum development .......................................................................... 180
Sequence of planning a curriculum ........................................................................... 182
Course planning ......................................................................................................... 183
Unit planning ............................................................................................................. 185
Lesson planning ......................................................................................................... 190
7. Educational Objectives ......................................................... 199
Meaning of educational objectives ............................................................................ 199
Purposes of educational objectives ............................................................................ 200
Data sources for formulation of educational objectives ............................................ 200
Characteristics of educational objectives .................................................................. 200
Types of educational objectives .................................................................................. 201
Selection and statement of objectives......................................................................... 213
Categories of behavioral change ............................................................................... 213
Integrated framework by Miller ................................................................................. 213
Criteria for selection and statement of objectives ..................................................... 214
Steps for stating objectives ......................................................................................... 214
8. Educational Technology ........................................................ 218
Meaning of educational technology .......................................................................... 218
Definitions of educational technology ...................................................................... 219
Nature and characteristics of educational technology ............................................. 219
General objectives of educational technology .......................................................... 220
Scope of educational technology............................................................................... 221
Classification of educational technology .................................................................. 221
Functions of educational technology ........................................................................ 221
Divisions and sources of educational technology ..................................................... 222
Contribution of educational technology ................................................................... 222
9. Teaching and Learning Process ............................................ 223
Concept of teaching ................................................................................................... 223
Definitions of teaching ............................................................................................... 224
Views of teaching........................................................................................................ 224
Nature and characteristics of teaching ...................................................................... 225
xii Nursing Communication and Educational Technology
Psychological principles of teaching ......................................................................... 225
General principles of teaching .................................................................................. 227
Maxims of methodical teaching ................................................................................ 228
Marks of good teaching.............................................................................................. 229
Models of teaching ..................................................................................................... 230
Structure of teaching: three variables ....................................................................... 231
Functions of three variables ....................................................................................... 232
Phases of teaching .................................................................................................... 232
Functions of teaching ................................................................................................ 233
Concept of learning .................................................................................................... 233
Definitions of learning ............................................................................................... 233
Theories of learning .................................................................................................. 234
Steps in learning ........................................................................................................ 235
Characteristics of learning ........................................................................................ 236
Principles of effective learning .................................................................................. 238
Ten principles of learning ......................................................................................... 239
Forms of learning...................................................................................................... 240
Laws of learning ......................................................................................................... 240
Factors influencing learning ..................................................................................... 242
Seven principles of good practice in education ......................................................... 242
Teaching and learning strategies .............................................................................. 243
Devices of teaching .................................................................................................... 249
Strategies to improve teaching ................................................................................... 250
Teaching and learning process................................................................................... 252
A transactional model of teaching and learning process ........................................... 253
10. Methods of Teaching.............................................................. 256
Principles for selection of teaching and learning methods ....................................... 256
Lecture method ........................................................................................................... 257
Demonstration method ............................................................................................... 259
Lecture-cum-demonstration ....................................................................................... 261
Discussion method ..................................................................................................... 262
Seminar ...................................................................................................................... 268
Problem-based learning ............................................................................................. 270
Role playing ............................................................................................................... 273
Self-instruction activities ............................................................................................ 275
Simulated teaching ..................................................................................................... 276
Project method ........................................................................................................... 279
Microteaching ............................................................................................................ 281
Field trip .................................................................................................................... 287
Programmed instruction/ learning ............................................................................. 288
Team teaching ............................................................................................................ 299
Workshop .................................................................................................................... 303
Computers .................................................................................................................. 304
Questioning ................................................................................................................ 314
Contents xiii
11. Methods of Clinical Teaching ............................................... 320
Philosophy of clinical teaching .................................................................................. 320
Outcomes of clinical teaching .................................................................................... 321
Clinical teaching model ............................................................................................. 322
Clinical teaching skills ............................................................................................... 324
Factors influencing clinical teaching ....................................................................... 324
Purposes of clinical teaching .................................................................................... 324
Preparation for clinical instruction ........................................................................... 325
Conducting a clinical teaching session ..................................................................... 326
Case method ............................................................................................................... 327
Nursing care study ..................................................................................................... 330
Process recording ....................................................................................................... 331
Bedside clinic ............................................................................................................. 334
Individual conference ................................................................................................. 335
Group conference ....................................................................................................... 335
Nursing care conferences ........................................................................................... 336
Teaching rounds ......................................................................................................... 336
Nursing rounds ........................................................................................................... 338
Patient care assignment ............................................................................................. 339
12. Educational Media................................................................. 342
Definitions of audio-visual aids ................................................................................. 342
Psychology of using teaching aids/ audio-visual aids ............................................... 343
Principles for effective use of an audio-visual education program .......................... 343
Principles in the use of teaching aids ........................................................................ 344
Qualities of good teaching aids ................................................................................. 345
Factors influencing the selection of audio-visual aids ............................................. 345
Effective use of audio-visual aids ............................................................................. 345
Advantages of audio-visual aids ............................................................................... 346
Disadvantages of audio-visual aids .......................................................................... 347
Sources of information on educational media ........................................................... 348
Cone of experience ..................................................................................................... 348
Classification of audio-visual aids ............................................................................ 349
Educational exhibits ................................................................................................... 349
Blackboard ................................................................................................................. 350
Bulletin board ............................................................................................................. 352
Flannel board ............................................................................................................. 353
Poster ......................................................................................................................... 353
Flash cards ................................................................................................................. 354
Using cartoons ........................................................................................................... 355
Charts ......................................................................................................................... 355
Flannel graph ............................................................................................................. 357
Globe .......................................................................................................................... 358
Graphs ........................................................................................................................ 358
Maps ........................................................................................................................... 359
Three dimensional aids .............................................................................................. 360
xiv Nursing Communication and Educational Technology
Puppet ........................................................................................................................ 361
Handouts .................................................................................................................... 364
Pamphlet .................................................................................................................... 365
Leaflet ......................................................................................................................... 365
Using slides ................................................................................................................ 367
Using transparencies on OHP ................................................................................... 367
Epidiascope ................................................................................................................ 369
Filmstrip ..................................................................................................................... 370
Projector..................................................................................................................... 370
Educational television or instructional television ..................................................... 371
Motion pictures .......................................................................................................... 374
Video cassettes ........................................................................................................... 376
LCD panels ................................................................................................................ 376
Radio and recordings ................................................................................................. 377
13. Evaluation .............................................................................. 379
Meaning of evaluation ............................................................................................... 379
Definitions of evaluation ........................................................................................... 379
Philosophy of evaluation ........................................................................................... 380
Psychology of evaluation .......................................................................................... 381
Triangle of objective, learning experiences and evaluation ..................................... 381
Purposes of evaluation .............................................................................................. 382
Functions of evaluation ............................................................................................. 382
Complexity of evaluation in nursing ......................................................................... 382
Meaning of measurement ........................................................................................... 383
Essentials of measurement ......................................................................................... 383
Functions of measurement ......................................................................................... 383
Basic principles underlying evaluation...................................................................... 383
Characteristics of techniques of evaluation .............................................................. 384
Four aspects of educational evaluation ................................................................... 385
Criteria for selection of evaluation devices/qualities of measuring instrument ........ 385
Student evaluation ..................................................................................................... 389
Evaluation process ..................................................................................................... 389
Total scheme of evaluation ......................................................................................... 394
Construction of test .................................................................................................... 395
Item writing ................................................................................................................ 397
Editing test items ........................................................................................................ 402
Assembling and administering a test ......................................................................... 402
Scoring and analyzing a test ...................................................................................... 405
Item analysis .............................................................................................................. 406
Assigning grades ........................................................................................................ 409
Levels of measurement ............................................................................................... 410
Rating scales ............................................................................................................... 411
Internal assessment .................................................................................................... 412
External examination ................................................................................................. 413
Advantages of testing and evaluation ....................................................................... 413
Contents xv
xvi Nursing Communication and Educational Technology
Reforms in the system of examination ........................................................................ 414
Clinical evaluation .................................................................................................... 414
Objective structured clinical examination ................................................................. 424
Curriculum evaluation ............................................................................................... 428
14. Information, Education and Communication for
Health...................................................................................... 433
Concept of health ....................................................................................................... 433
Concept of heath education........................................................................................ 433
Scope of health education .......................................................................................... 434
Definitions of health education .................................................................................. 434
Aims and objectives of health education .................................................................. 434
Models of health education ........................................................................................ 434
Principles of health education .................................................................................. 435
Definition of patient education .................................................................................. 437
Goals of patient education ......................................................................................... 437
Patient education process .......................................................................................... 437
Communicating health messages .............................................................................. 445
Mass media in health communication ........................................................................ 450
Health communication ............................................................................................... 452
Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 455
Index ........................................................................................................................... 461
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