000			08775nam a22001817a 4500
999			_c44376 _d44376
003			OSt
020			_a9789350908525
082			_a617.715 NEM-D
100			_aNema, H V
245			_aDiagnostic Procedures in Opthalmology
250			_a3rd
260			_aNew Delhi _bJaypee Brother _c2014
300			_a462p.
500			_a1. ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL ACUITY 1  Nitin Nema History 1 Principle 1 Recording of distant visual acuity 2 Bailey-Lovie chart 2 Normal vision 3 Near visual acuity 4 Factors affecting visual acuity 4 Visual acuity assessment in infants and children 7 Procedure for testing visual acuity 9 Near vision in children 10 2. COLOR VISION AND COLOR BLINDNESS 11  Harinder Singh Sethi Color vision 11 Factors affecting color vision 11 Illumination 12 Theories of color vision 12 Anatomy of color vision 13 Anomalies of color vision 14 Color vision testing 16 Other tests 23 3. SLIT-LAMP EXAMINATION 26 Arulmozhi Verman History of slit-lamp development 26 Types of illumination used in slit–lamp examination 27 Gonioscopy 34 4. CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY 38 Francisco Arnalich, David Piñero, Jorge L Alió History of corneal measurement 38 Shape of the normal cornea 39 Fundamentals and technological approaches to corneal topography 40 How to interpret a corneal topography map 42 A good topography examination 45 Quantitative descriptors of corneal topography: corneal indexes 46 Corneal aberrometry: fundamentals and clinical applications 48 Clinical uses of corneal topography 51 xviii Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology 5. CORNEAL CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY 60 Manotosh Ray Optics 60 Confocal microscopy in corneal pathologies 63 6. TONOMETRY 69 Shefali Parikh, Rajul Parikh What is intraocular pressure? 69 7. GONIOSCOPY 77 Ronnie Jacob George, A Parivadhini, A Narayanaswamy, L Vijaya Optical principles 77 8. OPTIC DISC ASSESSMENT IN GLAUCOMA 87 Nikhil S Choudhari, G Chandra Sekhar Methods of optic disc examination 87 Features of glaucomatous disc damage 87 9. PERIMETRY 96 Devindra Sood, NR Rangaraj Evolution of octopus perimeter 96 Basic terminologies in perimetry 98 Measurement strategies 99 Humphrey visual field analyzer 102 Humphrey field analyzer 109 10. IMAGING IN GLAUCOMA 118 Rajul Parikh, Shefali Parikh Heidelberg retinal tomogram (HRT II /HRT III) 118 Scanning laser polarimetry 123 Optical coherence tomography 124 11. OPHTHALMOSCOPY 129 Pukhraj Rishi, Tarun Sharma Principles of ophthalmoscopy 129 Indirect ophthalmoscopy 129 Head mounted binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy 130 Monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy 134 Modified monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy 135 Penlight ophthalmoscopy 136 Direct ophthalmoscopy 136 Hruby lens direct ophthalmoscopy 137 Wide angle viewing system 137 12. OPHTHALMIC PHOTOGRAPHY 140 Sadao Kanagami 35-mm camera 140 Fundus camera 140 Photo slit-lamp (Kowa attachment) 142 Photography in operating theater 143 Contents xix Specular microscopy 143 Imaging system 143 Photography of face and skin 145 Photography of pupil 145 External photography 146 Optical system of fundus camera 147 Fundus photography 147 Fluorescein angiography 148 Monochromatic fundus photography 150 Photo slit-lamp biomicrography of anterior segment 151 13. FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY 152 R Kim, S Manoj History 152 Basic principles 152 Properties of sodium fluorescein 152 Technique and equipment 153 Digital angiography 153 Procedure for fundus fluorescein angiography 154 Stereophotography 155 Side effects and complications 155 Basic anatomic considerations 156 Normal fundus fluorescein angiography 156 Abnormal fluorescence angiography 158 Iris fluorescein angiography 165 14. INDOC YANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHY 167 Vasumathy Vedantham Indocyanine green angiography vs fluorescein angiography 167 Indocyanine green 167 15. A-SCAN ULTRASONOGRAPHY 179 Rajiv Nath, Tinku Bali, Monica Saha History 179 Physics of ultrasound 179 Instrumentation 180 Vector A-scan display 181 Basic screening examination 181 A-scan in common ocular pathologies 184 Biometry 189 Biometry in ocular pathologies 191 Limitations and pitfalls of A-scan 191 16. B-SCAN ULTRASONOGRAPHY 195 Taraprasad Das, Vasumathy Vedantham, Anjali Hussain, Sanghamitra Kanungo, LS Mohan Ram Physics and basic technology 195 Ultrasound unit 195 Screening techniques 196 Structural anomalies 207 Immersion B-scan 208 xx Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology 17. ULTRASOUND BIOMICROSCOPY 211 Muna Bhende, Vanuli Bajpai Basic physics 211 Instrumentation 211 Technique 211 18. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS FOR VISUAL FUNCTION ASSESSMENT 218 Subhadra Jalali, LS Mohan Ram, Garima Tyagi, Kallakuri Sumasri Visual electrophysiology tests 218 Electro-oculogram 219 Electroretinogram 221 19. PENTACAM 251 Rohit Shetty, Ashwin Shetty Output 252 Topography 253 20. ANTERIOR SEGMENT OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 263 R Ramakrishnan, Arijit Mitra Principle of optical coherence tomography 263 Measurement tools 265 21. SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 280 Sripathi Kamath, Rajeev R Pappuru Spectral domain optical coherence tomography vIz time domain optical coherence tomography 289 22. INTRAOCULAR LENS POWER CALCULATION 291 Himanshu Shekhar, Rajesh Sinha, Jeewan S Titiyal Intraocular lens power formulas 291 Optical biometry 295 Intraocular lens power calculation in special situations 296 23. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES IN INFECTIOUS KERATITIS 299 Savitri Sharma, Sreedharan Athmanathan Corneal confocal microscopy 299 Molecular methods 308 Protocol for viral keratitis 308 24. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES IN UVEITIS 314 Jyotirmay Biswas, Reesha KR Anterior chamber paracentesis 314 Vitreous tap and diagnostic vitrectomy 316 Vitrectomy 317 Handling and testing of aqueous and vitreous specimen 317 25. RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 321 Yog Raj Sharma, Parijat Chandra, Rajni Sharma, Raj Vardhan Azad Etiology 321 Contents xxi International classification of retinopathy of prematurity 321 Fluorescein angiography 324 Ultrasound biomicroscopy 325 Ultrasonography 326 26. LOCALIZATION OF INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY 328 Amit Nagpal, Lingam Gopal Types of intraocular foreign bodies 328 Ultrasound biomicroscopy 330 27. CONCOMITANT STRABISMUS: DIAGNOSTIC METHODS 333 Digvijay Singh, Harinder Singh Sethi, Pradeep Sharma Diagnostic method 333 Qualitative tests 334 Quantitative tests 335 28. INCOMITANT STRABISMUS: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 343 P Vijayalakshmi, P Vrushali, R Muralidhar Paralytic strabismus 343 Restrictive strabismus 355 29. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES IN DRY EYE DISEASE 360 Jayesh Vazirani, Virender Sangwan Definition 360 Dry eye diagnosis 360 Slit-lamp examination 360 39. EVALUATION OF EPIPHORA 364 AK Grover, Rituraj Baruah, Shaloo Bageja Applied anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal apparatus 364 Tear secretion and elimination 366 Evaluation of epiphora 366 31. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES IN PROPTOSIS 376 Mandeep S Bajaj, Sanjiv Gupta Diagnostic techniques 377 Imaging techniques 377 Blood tests 383 Biopsy techniques 384 Pathology techniques 385 Additional investigations 386 32. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES FOR GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED EYE DISEASES 388 Sudha Dhandayuthapani, Sarangapani Sripriya, Nagasamy Soumittra, Jayamuruga Pandian Arunachalam DNA-based gene screening (or) molecular diagnostics 388 Chromosomal study/cytogenetics 396 Genetic counseling 399 Quality management in a genetic laboratory 401 Safety in a genetic laboratory 401 xxii Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology 33. DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES IN INTRAOCULAR MALIGNANCIES 404 Mohammad Javed Ali, Sneha Jay Shah, Santosh G Honavar Ultrasonography 404 Fundus fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography 406 Computed tomography 407 Magnetic resonance imaging 409 Fine needle aspiration biopsy/cytology (FNAB/FNAC) 410 34. PUPIL 413 Navin Jayakumar Functional anatomy and physiology of the pupil reflexes 413 Principles and techniques of pupil examination 416 Disorders of pupil function 423 35. PTOSIS EVALUATION 432 AK Grover, Shaloo Bageja Classification 432 Clinical evaluation 432 Laboratory studies 438 36. OCULAR MOTOR NERVE PALSIES 440 Shivcharan L Chandravanshi, Nitin Nema Oculomotor nerve palsy 440 Trochlear nerve palsy 443 Abducens nerve palsy 446
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