000			39355nam a22001457a 4500
999			_c42666 _d42666
003			OSt
020			_a9788184489491
100			_aPramilaa, R
245			_aNursing Communication and Educational Technology
260			_aNew Delhi _bJaypee Brother _c2010
300			_a464p.
500			_aContents............................................. 1. Communication.......................................................................... 1 Definitions of communication ........................................................................................ 2 Scope of communication ................................................................................................ 2 Communication is an art and science ............................................................................ 3 Theories of communication ............................................................................................ 3 Communication process: models and theories .............................................................. 4 A model of communication ............................................................................................. 4 Objectives of communication ......................................................................................... 5 Elements of communication process .............................................................................. 6 Principles of communication ......................................................................................... 7 Forms of communication ............................................................................................... 8 Patterns of communication ........................................................................................... 11 Levels of communication .............................................................................................. 12 Benefits of communication ........................................................................................... 13 Ten commandments of good communication ............................................................... 13 Seven C’s of communication ........................................................................................ 14 Functions of communication ........................................................................................ 15 Factors influencing communication ............................................................................. 16 Guidelines for effective communication ....................................................................... 16 Barriers of communication .......................................................................................... 17 Methods to overcome barriers of communication ....................................................... 21 2. Interpersonal Relations ........................................................... 24 Therapeutic communication ......................................................................................... 24 Developing an interpersonal relationship ................................................................... 25 Dimensions of helping relationship ............................................................................. 25 Phases of interpersonal relationship ........................................................................... 26 Interpersonal communication skills ............................................................................. 29 Goals of listening skills ................................................................................................ 29 Congruency in communication .................................................................................... 30 Cultural influences in therapeutic communication ...................................................... 30 Transactional analysis ................................................................................................. 31 Peplau’s interpersonal relations .................................................................................. 33 The Johari window ....................................................................................................... 35 Barriers/blocks to effective communication ................................................................. 37 Strategies to facilitate effective communication .......................................................... 38 3. Human Relations ..................................................................... 40 Definition of human relations ...................................................................................... 40 Fundamental concepts of human relations .................................................................. 41 Principles to develop human relations ......................................................................... 44 Basic human relations factors ...................................................................................... 44 Role of human relations ............................................................................................... 47 Human relations in hospitals ....................................................................................... 47 Social nature of behavior ............................................................................................. 48 Sociometry .................................................................................................................... 48 Groups .......................................................................................................................... 49 Concepts related to group dynamics ............................................................................ 51 Individuals and groups ................................................................................................. 58 Concepts related to group process ............................................................................... 59 Phases of group development ....................................................................................... 62 Types of therapeutic groups ......................................................................................... 65 Types of health care groups .......................................................................................... 66 Understanding self ....................................................................................................... 67 Teamwork ..................................................................................................................... 70 4. Guidance and Counseling ....................................................... 72 Meaning of guidance .................................................................................................... 73 Meaning of counseling ................................................................................................. 73 Definitions of guidance ................................................................................................ 73 Definitions of counseling ............................................................................................ 73 Scope of guidance and counseling .............................................................................. 74 Need for guidance and counseling ............................................................................. 74 Purposes of guidance and counseling ........................................................................ 75 Functions of guidance and counseling ...................................................................... 76 Characteristics of guidance ........................................................................................ 76 Characteristics of counseling process ....................................................................... 77 Basic principles of guidance ........................................................................................ 77 Basic assumptions of guidance .................................................................................... 79 Principles of counseling .............................................................................................. 79 Basis for guidance and counseling ............................................................................ 79 Types of guidance ......................................................................................................... 80 Areas of guidance and counseling ............................................................................. 80 Guidance and counseling services ............................................................................. 84 Elements of counseling................................................................................................ 88 Levels of counseling .................................................................................................... 89 Types of counseling ..................................................................................................... 89 Approaches to counseling process ............................................................................. 90 Dimensions of counseling process ............................................................................. 92 Purposes of student counseling ................................................................................... 93 Types of students requiring counseling ....................................................................... 93 Organization of guidance services ............................................................................... 93 Organization of guidance and counseling program in nursing institutions ............. 94 Guidance and counseling personnel .......................................................................... 95 Techniques of guidance and counseling ...................................................................... 98 Tools for counseling process ..................................................................................... 103 Phases of counseling ................................................................................................. 104 x Nursing Communication and Educational Technology Counseling relationship ............................................................................................. 105 Managing personal crisis ........................................................................................... 107 Problems in guidance and counseling ....................................................................... 109 5. Philosophy and Education .....................................................111 Philosophy ................................................................................................................... 111 Meaning of philosophy ................................................................................................ 111 Definitions of philosophy ............................................................................................ 114 Scope pf philosophy .................................................................................................... 115 Education .................................................................................................................... 116 Concept of education .................................................................................................. 117 Scope of education ...................................................................................................... 117 Definitions of education .............................................................................................. 118 Meaning of education .................................................................................................. 118 Chief characteristics of education ............................................................................. 122 Types of education ...................................................................................................... 122 Education in modern era............................................................................................ 123 Needed reforms in education ..................................................................................... 124 Need for philosophy of education .............................................................................. 125 Philosophy and education – their interdependence ................................................... 126 Philosophy of education ............................................................................................. 130 Philosophy of nursing and nursing education ........................................................... 130 Meaning of aim of education ..................................................................................... 130 Necessity for aims of education ................................................................................. 130 Criteria of sound educational aim ............................................................................. 131 Importance of aims of education in India .................................................................. 131 Educational needs of democratic India ..................................................................... 134 Functions of education ............................................................................................... 140 Traditional and contemporary educational philosophies .......................................... 142 Idealism ...................................................................................................................... 142 Naturalism .................................................................................................................. 145 Pragmatism ................................................................................................................ 147 Realism ....................................................................................................................... 149 Progressivism ............................................................................................................. 150 Essentialism ............................................................................................................... 151 Perennialism............................................................................................................... 152 Existentialism ............................................................................................................. 153 Reconstructionism ...................................................................................................... 154 Eclectism .................................................................................................................... 156 6. Curriculum ............................................................................. 157 Definitions of curriculum ........................................................................................... 158 Aims of curriculum ..................................................................................................... 159 Bases of curriculum ................................................................................................... 160 General education curriculum .................................................................................. 160 Levels of curriculum planning ................................................................................. 161 Contents xi Nursing curriculum ................................................................................................... 162 Factors influencing curriculum development in nursing education ......................... 163 The ABC of curriculum organization ......................................................................... 165 Principles of curriculum construction ....................................................................... 167 Educative process ....................................................................................................... 168 Approaches to curriculum planning ........................................................................... 169 Curriculum orientations ............................................................................................. 170 A curriculum model by Ralph Tyler ........................................................................... 171 Types of curricula ....................................................................................................... 173 Steps in the development of curriculum ..................................................................... 174 Barriers to curriculum development .......................................................................... 180 Sequence of planning a curriculum ........................................................................... 182 Course planning ......................................................................................................... 183 Unit planning ............................................................................................................. 185 Lesson planning ......................................................................................................... 190 7. Educational Objectives ......................................................... 199 Meaning of educational objectives ............................................................................ 199 Purposes of educational objectives ............................................................................ 200 Data sources for formulation of educational objectives ............................................ 200 Characteristics of educational objectives .................................................................. 200 Types of educational objectives .................................................................................. 201 Selection and statement of objectives......................................................................... 213 Categories of behavioral change ............................................................................... 213 Integrated framework by Miller ................................................................................. 213 Criteria for selection and statement of objectives ..................................................... 214 Steps for stating objectives ......................................................................................... 214 8. Educational Technology ........................................................ 218 Meaning of educational technology .......................................................................... 218 Definitions of educational technology ...................................................................... 219 Nature and characteristics of educational technology ............................................. 219 General objectives of educational technology .......................................................... 220 Scope of educational technology............................................................................... 221 Classification of educational technology .................................................................. 221 Functions of educational technology ........................................................................ 221 Divisions and sources of educational technology ..................................................... 222 Contribution of educational technology ................................................................... 222 9. Teaching and Learning Process ............................................ 223 Concept of teaching ................................................................................................... 223 Definitions of teaching ............................................................................................... 224 Views of teaching........................................................................................................ 224 Nature and characteristics of teaching ...................................................................... 225 xii Nursing Communication and Educational Technology Psychological principles of teaching ......................................................................... 225 General principles of teaching .................................................................................. 227 Maxims of methodical teaching ................................................................................ 228 Marks of good teaching.............................................................................................. 229 Models of teaching ..................................................................................................... 230 Structure of teaching: three variables ....................................................................... 231 Functions of three variables ....................................................................................... 232 Phases of teaching .................................................................................................... 232 Functions of teaching ................................................................................................ 233 Concept of learning .................................................................................................... 233 Definitions of learning ............................................................................................... 233 Theories of learning .................................................................................................. 234 Steps in learning ........................................................................................................ 235 Characteristics of learning ........................................................................................ 236 Principles of effective learning .................................................................................. 238 Ten principles of learning ......................................................................................... 239 Forms of learning...................................................................................................... 240 Laws of learning ......................................................................................................... 240 Factors influencing learning ..................................................................................... 242 Seven principles of good practice in education ......................................................... 242 Teaching and learning strategies .............................................................................. 243 Devices of teaching .................................................................................................... 249 Strategies to improve teaching ................................................................................... 250 Teaching and learning process................................................................................... 252 A transactional model of teaching and learning process ........................................... 253 10. Methods of Teaching.............................................................. 256 Principles for selection of teaching and learning methods ....................................... 256 Lecture method ........................................................................................................... 257 Demonstration method ............................................................................................... 259 Lecture-cum-demonstration ....................................................................................... 261 Discussion method ..................................................................................................... 262 Seminar ...................................................................................................................... 268 Problem-based learning ............................................................................................. 270 Role playing ............................................................................................................... 273 Self-instruction activities ............................................................................................ 275 Simulated teaching ..................................................................................................... 276 Project method ........................................................................................................... 279 Microteaching ............................................................................................................ 281 Field trip .................................................................................................................... 287 Programmed instruction/ learning ............................................................................. 288 Team teaching ............................................................................................................ 299 Workshop .................................................................................................................... 303 Computers .................................................................................................................. 304 Questioning ................................................................................................................ 314 Contents xiii 11. Methods of Clinical Teaching ............................................... 320 Philosophy of clinical teaching .................................................................................. 320 Outcomes of clinical teaching .................................................................................... 321 Clinical teaching model ............................................................................................. 322 Clinical teaching skills ............................................................................................... 324 Factors influencing clinical teaching ....................................................................... 324 Purposes of clinical teaching .................................................................................... 324 Preparation for clinical instruction ........................................................................... 325 Conducting a clinical teaching session ..................................................................... 326 Case method ............................................................................................................... 327 Nursing care study ..................................................................................................... 330 Process recording ....................................................................................................... 331 Bedside clinic ............................................................................................................. 334 Individual conference ................................................................................................. 335 Group conference ....................................................................................................... 335 Nursing care conferences ........................................................................................... 336 Teaching rounds ......................................................................................................... 336 Nursing rounds ........................................................................................................... 338 Patient care assignment ............................................................................................. 339 12. Educational Media................................................................. 342 Definitions of audio-visual aids ................................................................................. 342 Psychology of using teaching aids/ audio-visual aids ............................................... 343 Principles for effective use of an audio-visual education program .......................... 343 Principles in the use of teaching aids ........................................................................ 344 Qualities of good teaching aids ................................................................................. 345 Factors influencing the selection of audio-visual aids ............................................. 345 Effective use of audio-visual aids ............................................................................. 345 Advantages of audio-visual aids ............................................................................... 346 Disadvantages of audio-visual aids .......................................................................... 347 Sources of information on educational media ........................................................... 348 Cone of experience ..................................................................................................... 348 Classification of audio-visual aids ............................................................................ 349 Educational exhibits ................................................................................................... 349 Blackboard ................................................................................................................. 350 Bulletin board ............................................................................................................. 352 Flannel board ............................................................................................................. 353 Poster ......................................................................................................................... 353 Flash cards ................................................................................................................. 354 Using cartoons ........................................................................................................... 355 Charts ......................................................................................................................... 355 Flannel graph ............................................................................................................. 357 Globe .......................................................................................................................... 358 Graphs ........................................................................................................................ 358 Maps ........................................................................................................................... 359 Three dimensional aids .............................................................................................. 360 xiv Nursing Communication and Educational Technology Puppet ........................................................................................................................ 361 Handouts .................................................................................................................... 364 Pamphlet .................................................................................................................... 365 Leaflet ......................................................................................................................... 365 Using slides ................................................................................................................ 367 Using transparencies on OHP ................................................................................... 367 Epidiascope ................................................................................................................ 369 Filmstrip ..................................................................................................................... 370 Projector..................................................................................................................... 370 Educational television or instructional television ..................................................... 371 Motion pictures .......................................................................................................... 374 Video cassettes ........................................................................................................... 376 LCD panels ................................................................................................................ 376 Radio and recordings ................................................................................................. 377 13. Evaluation .............................................................................. 379 Meaning of evaluation ............................................................................................... 379 Definitions of evaluation ........................................................................................... 379 Philosophy of evaluation ........................................................................................... 380 Psychology of evaluation .......................................................................................... 381 Triangle of objective, learning experiences and evaluation ..................................... 381 Purposes of evaluation .............................................................................................. 382 Functions of evaluation ............................................................................................. 382 Complexity of evaluation in nursing ......................................................................... 382 Meaning of measurement ........................................................................................... 383 Essentials of measurement ......................................................................................... 383 Functions of measurement ......................................................................................... 383 Basic principles underlying evaluation...................................................................... 383 Characteristics of techniques of evaluation .............................................................. 384 Four aspects of educational evaluation ................................................................... 385 Criteria for selection of evaluation devices/qualities of measuring instrument ........ 385 Student evaluation ..................................................................................................... 389 Evaluation process ..................................................................................................... 389 Total scheme of evaluation ......................................................................................... 394 Construction of test .................................................................................................... 395 Item writing ................................................................................................................ 397 Editing test items ........................................................................................................ 402 Assembling and administering a test ......................................................................... 402 Scoring and analyzing a test ...................................................................................... 405 Item analysis .............................................................................................................. 406 Assigning grades ........................................................................................................ 409 Levels of measurement ............................................................................................... 410 Rating scales ............................................................................................................... 411 Internal assessment .................................................................................................... 412 External examination ................................................................................................. 413 Advantages of testing and evaluation ....................................................................... 413 Contents xv xvi Nursing Communication and Educational Technology Reforms in the system of examination ........................................................................ 414 Clinical evaluation .................................................................................................... 414 Objective structured clinical examination ................................................................. 424 Curriculum evaluation ............................................................................................... 428 14. Information, Education and Communication for Health...................................................................................... 433 Concept of health ....................................................................................................... 433 Concept of heath education........................................................................................ 433 Scope of health education .......................................................................................... 434 Definitions of health education .................................................................................. 434 Aims and objectives of health education .................................................................. 434 Models of health education ........................................................................................ 434 Principles of health education .................................................................................. 435 Definition of patient education .................................................................................. 437 Goals of patient education ......................................................................................... 437 Patient education process .......................................................................................... 437 Communicating health messages .............................................................................. 445 Mass media in health communication ........................................................................ 450 Health communication ............................................................................................... 452 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 455 Index ........................................................................................................................... 461
901			_a3515NURSING
942			_2ddc _cBK