Textbook of Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses

1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology..................................................................................................................................3–26
y Anatomy 4
y Physiology 4
y Basic Anatomical Terminology 4
y Anatomical Position 4
y Anatomical Planes 5
y Levels of Organization and Organ Systems of Body 10
y Skeleton 18
y Cavities of the Body 20
y Composition of Body 24
y Homeostasis 24
y Components of Homeostatic System 24
2. Introduction to Chemistry of Life................................................................................................................................................27–34
y Introduction to Chemical Basis of Life 28
y Water 28
y Carbohydrates 28
y Proteins 29
y Fats and Fatty Acids 30
y Vitamins 31
y Minerals 31
y Source of Energy 32
y Isotopes 33
3A. Organization of Human Body—Cell Level ..............................................................................................................................35–47
y Cell 36
y Structure of a Cell 36
y Transport Across Cell Membrane 45
y Basic Mechanism of Transport 45
3B. Organization of Human Body—Tissue Level .........................................................................................................................49–70
y Primary Tissues 50
y Classification 50
y Epithelial Tissue 50
y Simple Epithelium 51
y Pseudostratified Epithelium 56
y Stratified Epithelium 56
y Basement Membrane 58
Prelim.indd 11 8/8/2014 3:27:20 PM
xii Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses
y Glands 58
y Connective Tissue 62
y Special Connective Tissue 68
y Muscular Tissue 70
y Nervous Tissue 70
y Supporting Tissues 70
Section 2: Blood and Lymphatics
4. Blood .........................................................................................................................................................................................................73–98
y Erythrocytes 79
y Leukocytes 89
y Thrombocytes 93
y Hemostasis and Coagulation of Blood 94
y Blood Groups 97
y Blood Transfusion 98
5. Lymphatic System............................................................................................................................................................................99–112
y Lymph 100
y Lymph Vessels 100
y Lymphatic Tissue and Organs 102
y Major Lymphatics of Body 104
y Spleen 108
y Tonsil 110
y Thymus 111
6. Resistance and Immunity...........................................................................................................................................................113–120
y Immunity 114
y Classification of Immunity 114
y Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms/Innate Immunity 115
y Humoral Immunity 116
y Cell-Mediated Immunity 118
Section 3: Organ Systems
7. Nervous System...............................................................................................................................................................................123–195
y Divisions of Nervous System 124
y Tissues constituting the Nervous System 125
y Neurons 125
y Nerves 127
y Synapse 133
y Neurotransmitters 134
y Central Nervous System 136
y Meninges 136
y Ventricles of the Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid 139
y Choroid Plexuses 139
y Brain 142
y Cerebrum 142
y Internal Capsule 144
y Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) 146
y Functional Areas of Cerebral Cortex 148
y Functions of Cerebrum 151
Prelim.indd 12 8/8/2014 3:27:20 PM
Contents xiii
y Diencephalon 151
y Thalamus 152
y Hypothalamus 154
y Brainstem 155
y Midbrain 155
y Pons 157
y Medulla Oblongata 157
y Reticular Formation 158
y Cerebellum 159
y Blood Supply of Brain 161
y Spinal Cord 163
y External Features 163
y Internal Structure of Spinal Cord 163
y Spinal Segments 166
y Blood Supply of Spinal Cord 166
y Reflexes 167
y Classification of Reflexes 167
y Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem 169
y Ascending Tracts 170
y Dorsal Column Tract or Fibers 170
y Anterior Spinothalamic Tract 170
y Lateral Spinothalamic Tract 171
y Descending Tracts of Spinal Cord 174
y Extrapyramidal Spinal Tracts 175
y Cranial Nerves 178
y Spinal Nerves 184
y Nerve Plexuses 186
y Brachial Plexus 186
y Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5–7) 187
y Median Nerve 187
y Ulnar Nerve 188
y Radial Nerve 188
y Axillary Nerve 189
y Lumbar Plexus 189
y Femoral Nerve 189
y Obturator Nerve 189
y Sacral Plexus 190
y Sciatic Nerve 190
y Pudendal Nerve 191
y Thoracic Nerve 191
y Autonomic Nervous System 191
8A. Musculoskeletal System—Muscular System.....................................................................................................................197–233
y Classification of Muscles 198
y Skeletal Muscle 198
y Cardiac Muscle 206
y Smooth Muscle 207
y Muscles of the Head 209
y Craniofacial Muscles 209
y Masticatory Muscles 210
y Muscles of the Neck 211
y Platysma 211
Prelim.indd 13 8/8/2014 3:27:20 PM
xiv Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses
y Sternocleidomastoid Muscle 211
y Muscles of the Thorax 212
y Intercostal Muscles 213
y Diaphragm 213
y Accessory Muscles of Respiration 215
y Muscles of the Abdomen 215
y Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall 215
y Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall 217
y Muscles of the Pelvis 218
y Levator Ani Muscles 218
y Piriformis 219
y Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb 219
y Muscles attaching the Scapula to Trunk 219
y Muscles attaching the Humerus to the Scapula 221
y Muscles attaching the Humerus to the Chest Wall 222
y Pectoralis Minor 222
y Muscles of the Arm 223
y Muscles of the Forearm 224
y Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand 226
y Muscles of the Lower Limb 227
y Muscles of the Gluteal Region 227
y Muscles of the Thigh 228
y Muscles of the Leg 231
y Muscles of the Foot 232
8B. Musculoskeletal System—Skeletal System.......................................................................................................................235–281
y Bone 236
y Osteology 243
y Axial Skeleton 245
y Skull 245
y Individual Skull Bones 250
y Skeleton of Thorax 256
y Vertebral Column 260
y Appendicular Skeleton 265
y Upper Limb 265
y Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 272
8C. Musculoskeletal System—Joints ............................................................................................................................................283–302
y Joints 284
y Joints of Upper Limb 288
y Joints of Hands and Fingers 293
y Joints of Lower Limb 294
y Retinacula related to Joints 300
9. Respiratory System........................................................................................................................................................................303–332
y Exchange of Gases 304
y Air Passages 304
y Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 304
y Pharynx 309
y Larynx 309
y Trachea 313
y Tracheobronchial Tree 315
y Lungs 316
Prelim.indd 14 8/8/2014 3:27:20 PM
Contents xv
y Pleura and Pleural Cavity 321
y Physiology of Respiration 322
y Ventilation 325
y Gaseous Exchange in Lungs 325
y Transport of Gases between Lungs and Tissues 326
y Regulation of Respiration 328
y Nervous Control of Respiration 328
10A. Cardiovascular System—Heart................................................................................................................................................333–358
y Heart 335
y Electrocardiogram (Ecg) 350
y Cardiac Output 351
y Arterial Blood Pressure 354
10B. Cardiovascular System—Blood Vessels...............................................................................................................................359–382
y Blood Vessels 360
y Systemic Circulation 361
y Aorta 361
y Blood Circulation of Head and Neck 364
y Blood Circulation of Upper Limb 370
y Blood Circulation of Thorax 373
y Blood Circulation of Abdomen 374
y Portal Circulation 376
y Portal Vein 377
y Communications between the Portal and Systemic Veins—The Portosystemic Anastomoses 377
y Blood Circulation of Pelvis and Lower Limb 377
y Fetal Circulation 381
11. Digestive System ............................................................................................................................................................................383–431
y Process of Digestion 384
y Innervation of Gastrointestinal Tract 385
y Parts of Digestive System 386
y Pharynx 392
y Salivary Glands 395
y Saliva 397
y Gut 399
y Esophagus 399
y Stomach 401
y Small Intestine 407
y Duodenum 408
y Large Intestine 412
y Accessory Organs of Digestion 417
y Gastrointestinal Hormones 428
12. Urinary System ................................................................................................................................................................................433–453
y Parts of Urinary System 434
y Functions of Urinary System 434
y Kidneys 434
y Physiology of Urine Formation 441
y Glomerular Filtration 442
y Tubular Reabsorption 443
y Urine 445
y Water Balance 446
Prelim.indd 15 8/8/2014 3:27:20 PM
xvi Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses
y Ureters 447
y Urinary Bladder 448
y Urethra 450
y Micturition 451
13. Introduction to Genetics.............................................................................................................................................................455–468
y Chromosomes 456
y Basic Structure of Dna 458
y Protein Synthesis 461
y Cell Division 462
y Genetic Basis of Inheritance 464
y Dominant Inheritance 464
y Recessive Inheritance 465
y Sex-Linked Inheritance 465
14. Reproductive System....................................................................................................................................................................469–497
y Female Reproductive System 470
y External Genital Organs (Vulva) 470
y Internal Genital Organs 472
y Physiology of Female Reproductive System 481
y Puberty 481
y Mammary Gland or Breast 486
y Male Reproductive System 489
y Penis 490
y Scrotum 491
y Testes 492
y Epididymis 493
y Spermatic Cord 493
y Vas Deferens or Ductus Deferens 494
y Seminal Vesicles 494
y Ejaculatory Ducts 494
y Prostate Gland 494
y Physiology of Male Reproductive System 495
y Control of Testicular Function 496
y Spermatogenesis 496
y Structure of Spermatozoon (Sperm) 497
y Semen or Seminal Fluid 497
y Puberty in Males 497
15. Endocrine System...........................................................................................................................................................................499–525
y Hormone 501
y Hypophysis Cerebri or Pituitary Gland 502
y Thyroid Gland 509
y Hormones regulating Calcium Metabolism 515
y Parathyroid Glands 516
y Suprarenal or Adrenal Glands 518
y Endocrine Pancreas 522
16. Special Senses..................................................................................................................................................................................527–553
y Sense of Smell or Olfaction 528
y Olfactory Pathway 528
y Sense of Taste 528
y Taste Pathway 529
Prelim.indd 16 8/8/2014 3:27:21 PM
Contents xvii
y Sense of Hearing 530
y External Ear 531
y Middle Ear 532
y Internal Ear 534
y Physiology of Hearing 538
y Balance and Ear 540
y Sense of Vision 540
y Living Eye 540
y Eyebrows 540
y Eyelids or Palpebrae 540
y Lacrimal Apparatus 541
y Muscles of the Eyeball 541
y Eye 542
y Lens 547
y Visual Processes 547
y Field of Vision 548
y Visual Pathway 549
y Color Vision or Chromatic Vision 551
17. Skin and Temperature Regulation .........................................................................................................................................555–564
y Structure of Skin 556
y Types of Skin 557
y Blood Supply of Skin 557
y Nerve Supply of Skin 559
y Functions of Skin 559
y Appendages of Skin 559
y Hair 559
y Sebaceous Glands 560
y Sweat Glands 561
y Nails 561
y Receptors of Skin 562
y Temperature Regulation 563
y Sources of Body Heat 563
y Channels of Heat Loss 563
y Mechanisms activated by Heat 564
y Mechanisms activated by Cold 564
Section 4: Nutrition
18. Introduction to Nutrition............................................................................................................................................................567–574
y Importance of Food in Health and Disease 568
y Classification of Food 569
y Basal Metabolic Rate 569
y Specific Dynamic Action 569
y Energy Requirement by Adults 569
y Energy Balance 570
y Balanced Diet 570
y Nutritional Disorders 570
y Lifestyle Diseases 574
Glossary .............................................................................................................................................................................................................575–579
Index ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 581