TY - BOOK AU - Kawthalkar, Shirish M TI - Essential of Clinical Pathology SN - 9789386150691 U1 - 612.11 KAW-F PY - 2018/// CY - New Delhi PB - The Health Science Publishers KW - Clinical Chemistry and Other Laboratory Tests N1 - Section 1: Clinical Chemistry and Other Laboratory Tests 1. Basic Principles of Laboratory Medicine 3 • Preanalytical Phase 3 • Analytical Phase 8 • Postanalytical Phase 8 • Gaussian Distribution and Reference Ranges 8 • Interpretation of Laboratory Tests 8 • Test Performance Specifications 9 • Diagnostic Value of a Test 10 • Quality Assurance 11 • Quality Control 12 • Credentials of a Laboratory 13 • Point of Care Testing 13 • Safety in the Clinical Laboratory 14 2. Examination of Urine 16 • Composition of Normal Urine 16 • Indications for Urinalysis 16 • Collection of Urine 16 • Changes Which Occur in Standing Urine at Room Temperature 17 • Physical Examination 18 • Chemical Examination 20 • Microscopic Examination 33 3. Renal Function Tests 42 • Structure and Function of Kidney 42 • Factors Affecting Renal Function 44 • Indications for Renal Function Tests 44 • Classification of Renal Function Tests 44 • Tests to Evaluate Glomerular Function 45 • Tests to Evaluate Tubular Function 49 • Renal Biopsy 51 4. Laboratory Tests in Diabetes Mellitus 54 • Metabolic Actions of Insulin 54 • Classification of Diabetes Mellitus 54 • Prediabetes 57 • Metabolic Alterations in Diabetes Mellitus 57 • Long-term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus 58 • Role of Laboratory in Diabetes Mellitus 59 5. Liver Function Tests 66 • Functions of Liver 66 • Indications and Limitations of Liver Function Tests 67 • Classification of Liver Function Tests 68 • Tests that Assess Excretory Function of the Liver 68 • Tests Which Assess Synthetic and Metabolic Functions of Liver 71 • Tests Which Assess Hepatic Injury (Liver Enzyme Studies) 73 • Tests that Assess Clearance if Exogenous Substances from the Liver 75 • Interpretation of Liver Function Tests 76 • Liver Biopsy 77 • Types of Liver Biopsy 77 00 Prelims.indd 9 3/28/2018 10:11:20 AM x Essentials of Clinical Pathology 6. Laboratory Tests in Disorders of Lipids 81 • Physiology 81 • Classification of Lipoprotein Disorders 83 • Laboratory Tests for Lipoprotein Disorders 84 7. Biochemical Cardiac Markers 87 • Acute Coronary Syndrome 87 • Biochemical Cardiac Marker Studies 89 • Other Cardiac Injury Markers 91 • Cardiac Markers with Prognostic Significance 91 • Cardiac Marker for Congestive Cardiac Failure 92 8. Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid 93 • Composition of Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid in Adults 93 • Circulation of Csf 93 • Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid 93 • Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid 93 • Indications for Lumbar Puncture 94 • Complications of Lumbar Puncture 95 • Contraindications to Lumbar Puncture 95 • Laboratory Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid 95 9. Examination of Serous Body Fluids and Synovial Fluid 104 • Serous Fluids 104 • Synovial Fluid 111 10. Examination of Sputum 116 • Collection of Sputum 116 • Appearance of Sputum 116 • Microbiological Examination 116 • Examination of Sputum for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 117 • Examination for Other Organisms 119 • Cytological Examination of Sputum 119 11. Examination of Feces 121 • Uses of Laboratory Examination of Feces 121 • Microscopic Examination 122 • Chemical Examination 131 12. Gastric Analysis 134 • Normal Gastric Anatomy and Physiology 134 • Indications for Gastric Analysis 135 • Contraindications to Gastric Analysis 136 • Method of Gastric Analysis 136 • Other Tests for Gastric Analysis 138 13. Tests for Malabsorption and Pancreatic Function Tests 139 • Malabsorption Syndromes 139 • Pancreatic Function Tests 144 14. Thyroid Function Tests 149 • Anatomy and Physiology of Thyroid 149 • Disorders of Thyroid 150 • Thyroid Function Tests 153 15. Laboratory Tests in Pregnancy 157 • Pregnancy Tests 157 • First and Second Trimester Screening for Cytogenetic Defects and Neural Tube Defects 160 00 Prelims.indd 10 3/28/2018 10:11:20 AM Contents xi • Assessment of Risk of Preterm Labor 162 • Determination of Fetal Lung Maturity 162 • Amniotic Fluid Bilirubin 163 • Laboratory Evaluation of Diseases During Pregnancy 163 • Laboratory Tests in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss 164 16. Infertility 166 • Male Infertility 166 • Female Infertility 168 17. Semen Analysis 174 • Indications for Semen Analysis 174 • Collection of Semen for Investigation of Infertility 174 • Examination of Seminal Fluid 175 • Examination for the Presence of Semen in Medicolegal Cases 179 • Examination of Semen to Check the Effectiveness of Vasectomy 179 18. Pyrexia of Unknown Origin 180 • Pathogenesis of Fever 180 • Classic Pyrexia of Unknown Origin 181 • Nosocomial Causes of Puo 184 • Neutropenic Puo 184 • Human Immunodeficiency Virus-related Puo 184 Section 2: Laboratory Hematology 19. Hematopoiesis 187 • Red Blood Cells 189 • White Blood Cells 191 • Thrombopoiesis 194 20. Collection of Blood 196 • Skin Puncture 196 • Venous Blood Collection 196 • Anticoagulants 198 • Sequence of Filling of Tubes (Order of Draw of Blood Collection Tubes) 199 • Common Sources of Error in Collection of Blood Sample 199 • Special Situations 200 • Use of Plasma vs Serum 201 21. Automated Complete Blood Cell Count 202 • Principles of Working of Hematology Analyzer 203 • Data Presentation 204 • Collection of Blood for Complete Blood Count 204 • Parameters Measured by Hematology Analyzers 204 • Flagging 207 • Histograms 207 • Causes of Erroneous Results on Automated Cbc 208 • Newer Parameters Available on Select Hematology Analyzers 208 • Advantages of Hematology Analyzers 210 • Limitations of Hematology Analyzers 211 • Interpretation of Complete Blood Count 211 22. Estimation of Hemoglobin 213 • Indications for Hemoglobin Estimation 213 • Methods for Estimation of Hemoglobin 213 • General Remarks 216 00 Prelims.indd 11 3/28/2018 10:11:20 AM xii Essentials of Clinical Pathology 23. Packed Cell Volume 217 • Uses of Packed Cell Volume 217 • Macromethod (Wintrobe Method) 217 • Micromethod 218 • General Notes 219 24. Total Leukocyte Count 220 • Manual Method 220 • Automated Method 222 25. Reticulocyte Count 223 • Uses 223 • Method 223 26. Platelet Count 226 • Manual Method 226 • Automated Method 227 27. Blood Smear 228 • Uses 228 • Preparation of Blood Smear (Wedge Method) 228 • Fixation of Blood Smear 229 • Staining of Blood Smear 229 • Examination of Blood Smear 230 28. Red Cell Indices 241 • Uses of Red Cell Indices 241 • Manual Methods 241 • Automated Methods 242 29. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 243 • Stages of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 243 • Factors Affecting Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 243 • Significance of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 243 • Indications for Measurement of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 244 • Methods for Estimation of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 244 • Acute Phase Reactants 246 30. Examination of Bone Marrow 248 • Normal Bone Marrow 248 • Indications for Bone Marrow Examination 248 • Contraindications 249 • Sites for Bone Marrow Aspiration or Biopsy 249 • Method 250 • Complications of Bone Marrow Aspiration and/or Biopsy 251 • Processing of Marrow Specimens 251 • Examination of Marrow Specimens 252 31. Hematology of Infectious Diseases 256 • Malaria 256 • Lymphatic Filariasis 264 • Visceral Leishmaniasis 266 • Bacterial Infections 269 • Dengue Fever (Df) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (Dhf) 269 • Hematological Changes in Hiv/Aids 271 32. Laboratory Tests in Anemia 273 • Classification of Anemias 273 • Anemias due to Decreased Production of Red Blood Cells 273 • Hereditary Disorders of Hemoglobin 281 • Disorders of Red Cell Membrane 285 00 Prelims.indd 12 3/28/2018 10:11:21 AM Contents xiii • Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency 286 • Immune Hemolytic Anemias 287 • Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria 291 • Microangiopathic and Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia 291 • Hypersplenism 292 • Acute Blood Loss Anemia 292 • Approach to Diagnosis of Anemia 292 33. Laboratory Tests in Hematological Malignancies 304 • Acute Leukemias 304 • Myelodysplastic Syndromes 310 • Myeloproliferative Neoplasms 311 • Mature B- and T-Cell Neoplasms 312 • Plasma Cell Neoplasms 313 34. Laboratory Tests in Bleeding Disorders 319 • Physiology of Hemostasis 319 • Bleeding Disorders 322 • Approach to the Diagnosis of Bleeding Disorders 328 35. Laboratory Tests in Thrombophilia 340 • Inherited Thrombophilia 341 • Acquired Thrombophilia 343 • Association of Thrombophilia with Clinical Presentation 344 • Tests for Thrombophilia 345 • Indications for Thrombophilia Testing 345 • Diagnosis of Thrombophilia 345 • Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis 346 • Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism 346 36. Laboratory Tests in Porphyrias 348 • Introduction and Classification 348 • Clinical Features 349 • Laboratory Diagnosis 350 37. Flow Cytometry and Immunohistochemistry in Hematopathology 352 • Flow Cytometry 352 • Immunohistochemistry 357 Section 3: Practical Blood Transfusion 38. Blood Group Systems 363 • ABO System 363 • The Rh System 367 • Other Blood Group Systems 369 39. Blood Grouping 370 • ABO Grouping 370 • Identical Blood versus Compatible Blood 374 • RhD Grouping 374 40. Collection of Donor Blood, Processing and Storage 376 • Types of Blood Donors 376 • Criteria for Selection of Blood Donors 377 • Collection of Donor Blood 378 • Collection of Blood by Apheresis 380 • Processing of Donor Blood 381 • Autologous Donation 381 • Directed Donation 382 • Therapeutic Phlebotomy 382 00 Prelims.indd 13 3/28/2018 10:11:21 AM xiv Essentials of Clinical Pathology 41. Screening Tests for Infections Transmissible by Transfusion 383 • Organisms Transmissible by Transfusion 383 • Viruses 384 • Bacteria 386 • Parasites 386 42. Antibody Screening and Identification 387 • Antibody Screening 387 • Antibody Identification 388 43. Compatibility Test 390 • Steps in Compatibility Testing 390 44. Whole Blood, Blood Components and Blood Derivatives 393 • Whole blood 393 • Blood Components 394 • Plasma Components 396 • Plasma Derivatives 397 • Recombinant Factor Concentrates 397 45. Adverse Effects of Transfusion 398 • Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction 398 • Febrile Non-hemolytic Transfusion Reaction 399 • Bacterial Contamination of Donor Unit 399 • Transfusion-associated Lung Injury 399 • Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction 399 • Anaphylactic Reaction 399 • Allergic Reaction 399 • Transfusion-associated Circulatory Overload 400 • Iron Overload (Transfusion Hemosiderosis) 400 • Post-transfusion Purpura 400 • Transmission of Infections 400 • Transfusion-associated Graft-versus-Host Disease 401 • Complications Associated with Massive Transfusion 401 • Recognition and Investigation of a Transfusion Reaction 401 UR - https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Pq52DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=essentials+of+Clinical+pathology+by+kawthalkar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAoYT9wPDjAhXPfSsKHb5ABB4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=essentials%20of%20Clinical%20pathology%20by%20kawthalkar&f=false ER -