Composite Materials and Structural Analysis

Chapter 1: Why Composites and What They Are• Introduction • Definition and Some Applications of Composites • Composites in Automobiles • Composites in Sporting Goods • Composites in Aerospace • Composites in Ocean Engineering • Characteristics of Composite Materials • Classification of Composites • Fibrous Composites • Particulate Composites • Flake • Filled/Skeletal • Advantages • Disadvantages • References
Chapter 2: Fibers and Matrix Materials • Introduction • Fibers • Natural Fibers • Synthetic Fibers • Glass Fibers • Carbon Fibers • Kevlar Fibers • Boron Fibers • Ceramic Fibers • Matrix or Binding Material • Polymeric Material • Epoxies • Polyester • Phenolic Resins • Vinyl Esters • Polyimides • Thermoplastics • Fillers • Summary • References
Chapter 3: Lamina Constitutive Equations• Introduction • Stiffness Coefficients for 3D Composites • Stiffness Coefficients for 2D Composites • Relations Between Stiffness Coefficients and Engineering Constants • Especially Orthotropic Lamina • Case 1 • Case 2 • Case 3 • Constitutive Relations for a Generally Orthotropic Lamina • Transformation of Stresses • Transformation of Strains • Transformed Stiffness Coefficients • Transformed Engineering Constants • Invariant Form of Stiffness and Compliance Coefficients • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 4: Analysis of Continuous Fiber Lamina for Strength and Stiffness• Introduction • Volume and Weight Fractions • Modulus and Strength of the Continuous Fiber Lamina • Strength of Materials Approach • Longitudinal Elastic Modulus and Strength • Transverse Elastic Modulus and Strength • In-plane Shear Modulus and Strength • Major Poisson’s Ratio • Theory of Elasticity Approach • Semi-empirical Approach • Hygrothermal Behavior of Lamina • Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Associated Thermal Strains • Coefficient of Moisture Absorption and Associated Strains • Strength and Failure of a Lamina • Longitudinal Tensile Strength • Longitudinal Compressive Strength • Extensional Mode • Shear Mode • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 5: Strength of Fiber Reinforced Composite Lamina• Introduction • Maximum Stress Failure Theory • Maximum Strain Failure Theory • Interactive Failure Theories • Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion (Maximum Work Theory) • Tsai-Wu Failure Criterion • Hashin Criterion • Hoffman Criterion • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 6: Laminate Analysis • Introduction • Laminate Codes• Formulation for Laminated Plates • Strain-displacement Relations • Stress-strain Relations • Force and Moment Resultants • Special Cases of Laminates • Symmetric Laminates • Anti-symmetric Laminates • Balanced Laminate • Quasi-isotropic Laminate • Lamina Stresses and Strains • Hygrothermal Effects on Laminate Stresses • Thermal Effects • Moisture Stresses • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 7: Analysis for Strength of the Laminate • Introduction • Load-deformation Curve for the Laminate • Stress/Load Analysis at First Ply Failure • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 8: Analysis of Composite Beams• Introduction • Governing Equation for Laminated Beams • Governing Equation for Laminated Composite Beams • Buckling of Composite Columns • Vibrations of Anisotropic Composite Columns • Buckling of Sandwich Columns • Buckling of Sandwich Panels • Symmetric Sandwich Panel • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 9: Analysis of Composite Laminates • Introduction • Classical Laminate Theory • Assumptions • Equilibrium Equations• Equilibrium Equations in Terms of Displacements • Governing Equations for Laminated Plates • Subjected to Compressive In-plane Loads • Transverse Equilibrium • Higher Order Single Governing Equation • Governing Equations for Free Vibration • Governing Equations Employing Higher Order Theories • First Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) • Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 10: Short Fiber Composites• Introduction • Analysis of Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Improved Analysis for Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Semi-empirical Relations for Prediction of Modulus and Strength of Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Off-axis Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Randomly Oriented Short Fiber Composites • Aligned Ribbon Reinforced Composites • Summary • References
Chapter 11: Optimization • Introduction • Nonlinear Programming Techniques (Application) • Static Case • Dynamic Case • Genetic Algorithm Technique (Applications) • Evaluation of the Fitness • Coding in the Genetic Algorithm • Convergence Criteria • Formulation • Optimization • Summary • References
Chapter 12: Manufacturing Techniques for Composites • Introduction • Fabrication Process for Thermosetting • Polymer Composites • Hand Lay-up Technique • Spray-up Technique • Bagging Technique • Vacuum Bag Molding • Pressure Bag Molding • Autoclave Molding• Sheet Molding Compound • Bulk Molding Compound • Filament Winding • Pultrusion • Liquid Composite Molding • Manufacturing Process for Thermoplastic • Polymer Composites • Matched/Unmatched Die Molding • Injection Molding • Thermoforming • Summary • References
Chapter 13: Experimental Evaluation of Composite Properties • Introduction • Tensile Properties • Compressive Properties • In-plane Shear Properties • Torsion Tube Test • Rail Shear Test • ± 45° Shear Test • Iosipescu Shear Test • Flexural Properties • Interlaminar Shear Strength • Summary • References