Essentials of Medical Microbiology

Section 1 General Microbiology
1. Introduction and Bacterial Taxonomy 3
2. Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria 9
3. Sterilization and Disinfection 31
4. Culture Media and Culture Methods 46
5. Identification of Bacteria
(Conventional methods, Automations and Molecular methods) 56
6. Bacterial Genetics 71
7. Antimicrobial Agents, Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 84
8. Microbial Pathogenicity 94
Section 2 Immunology
9. Immunity (Innate and Acquired) 103
10. Antigen 111
11. Antibody 116
12. Antigen–Antibody Reaction 127
13. Complement 144
14. Structure of Immune System 151
15. Immune Responses: Cell-mediated and Antibody-mediated 168
16. Hypersensitivity 177
17. Autoimmunity 188
18. Immunodeficiency Disorders 193
19. Transplant and Cancer Immunology 199
20. Immunoprophylaxis and Immunohematology 208
Section 3 Systematic Bacteriology
Gram-positive cocci
21. Staphylococcus 217
22. Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Pneumococcus 228
Gram-negative cocci
23. Neisseria and Moraxella 245
xx Essentials of Medical Microbiology
Gram-positive bacilli
24. Corynebacterium 253
25. Bacillus 260
26. Anaerobes (Clostridium and Non-sporing Anaerobes) 266
27. Mycobacteria
(M. tuberculosis, Non-tuberculous mycobacteria and M. leprae) 281
28. Miscellaneous Gram-positive Bacilli
(Actinomycetes, Listeria, Erysipelothrix and Tropheryma) 304
Gram-negative bacilli
29. Enterobacteriaceae-I
(Escherichia, Shigella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Yersinia and others) 310
30. Enterobacteriaceae II: Salmonella 330
31. Vibrio and Aeromonas 341
32. Pseudomonas and Other Non-fermenters 352
33. Haemophilus and HACEK Group 359
34. Bordetella 366
35. Brucella 370
36. Miscellaneous Gram-negative Bacilli
(Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Legionella, Pasteurella, Francisella and agent of Donovanosis,
Rat-bite fever, Bacterial vaginosis) 376
Other group of bacteria
37. Spirochetes
(Treponema, Borrelia and Leptospira) 386
38. Rickettsiae, Coxiella and Bartonella 403
39. Chlamydiae 413
40. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma 421
Section 4 Virology
41. General Properties of Viruses 427
DNA viruses
42. Herpesviruses
(Herpes simplex viruses, Varicella-zoster virus, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and others) 449
43. Other DNA Viruses
(Parvoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Polyomaviridae, Poxviridae, Adenoviridae and Bacteriophages) 463
RNA viruses
44. Myxoviruses and Rubella Virus
[Orthomyxovirus (Influenza), Paramyxovirus (Parainfluenza, Mumps, Measles,
Respiratory syncytial virus, Nipah virus and others)] 474
45. Picornaviruses
(Poliovirus, Coxsackievirus and others) 494
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46. Arboviruses
(Chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, Dengue, Yellow fever, Zika virus, Kyasanur forest disease and others) 502
47. Rhabdoviruses
(Rabies Virus) 517
48. HIV and Other Retroviruses 524
49. Miscellaneous RNA Viruses
[Rodent-borne (Hantaviruses, Arenaviruses), Filoviruses (Ebola virus, Marburg virus),
Coronaviruses, Slow viruses, Rotavirus and other agents of viral gastroenteritis and Bornavirus] 539
Other group of viruses
50. Hepatitis Viruses 549
51. Oncogenic Viruses 566
Section 5 Mycology
52. Medical Mycology 573
Section 6 Hospital Infection Control
53. Hospital-acquired Infections 605
54. Major Hospital-acquired Infection Types: Surveillance and Prevention 613
55. Biomedical Waste Management 617
56. Needle Stick Injury Prevention and Management 621
57. Antimicrobial Stewardship 625
58. Environmental Surveillance (Bacteriology of Water, Air, Surface, Milk, and Food) 628
Section 7 Clinical Microbiology (Infective Syndromes)
59. Normal Microbial Flora of Human Body 637
60. Urinary Tract Infections 641
61. Diarrheal Diseases 645
62. Meningitis 651
63. Blood Stream Infections 655
64. Respiratory Tract Infection 662
65. Miscellaneous Infectious Syndromes 667
Annexures
1. Annexure 1: Emerging and Re-emerging Infections 675
2. Annexure 2: Bioterrorism—Biological Warfare 677
3. Annexure 3: Laboratory-acquired Infections 679
4. Annexure 4: Zoonosis 680
5. Annexure 5: Qualiy Control in Microbiolog