Textbook of Human Histology

Chapter 1: Light Microscopy and Tissue Preparation 1
History 1
Parts of a light microscope 1
Principle of microscopy 2
Practical tips in using a bright-field microscope 2
Types of microscopes 3
Tissue processing 3
Chapter 2: Cell Structure 5
Components of a cell 5
Staining of a cell 21
Applied histology 21
Chapter 3: Epithelia and Glands 23
Epithelia 23
Definition 23
General features of epithelial tissue 23
Functions 23
Classification of epithelia 23
Simple epithelium 23
Basement membrane 32
Projections from the cell surface 33
Applied histology 36
Glands 37
Characteristic features 37
Classification of glands 37
Classification of exocrine glands 37
Structural organization 39
Development of glands 40
Structure of acini 41
Applied histology 42
Chapter 4: General Connective Tissue 44
General features 44
Classification of connective tissue 44
Components of connective tissue 44
Fibers of connective tissue 49
Intercellular ground substance of connective tissue 51
Different forms of connective tissue 52
Functions of connective tissue 56
Connective tissue with special properties 57
Applied histology 59
Chapter 5: Cartilage 60
General features of cartilage 60
Perichondrium 60
Components of cartilage 60
Types of cartilage 61
Applied histology 65
Chapter 6: Bone 67
General features 67
Composition of bone tissue 67
Bone membranes 69
Classification and structure of bone 71
Formation of bone—ossification 75
How bones grow? 78
Applied histology 81
Chapter 7: Muscular Tissue 83
Types of muscular tissue 83
Skeletal muscle 84
Cardiac muscle 91
Smooth muscle 93
Myoepithelial cells 96
Applied histology 96
Chapter 8: Lymphatics and Lymphoid Tissue 98
Classification 98
Other classification 98
Lymph 99
Lymphatic vessels 99
Lymphocytes 100
Lymph nodes 100
Spleen 103
Thymus 106
Color Atlas A1–A45
xvi Textbook of Human Histology
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 108
Tonsils 109
Further reading 109
Applied histology 111
Chapter 9: Nervous Tissue 113
Structure of a neuron 113
Neuroglia 116
Types of neurons 120
Peripheral nerves 120
Ganglia 124
Applied histology 126
Chapter 10: Cardiovascular System 129
Basic structure of a blood vessel 129
Structure of arteries 130
Arterioles 132
Capillaries 133
Veins 134
Venules 135
Nutrition and innervation of blood vessels 135
Heart 137
Further reading 137
Applied histology 138
Chapter 11: Skin and its Appendages 139
Functions 139
Types of skin 139
Structure of skin 142
Blood supply of the skin 145
Nerve supply of the skin 145
Appendages of the skin 145
Applied histology 150
Chapter 12: Salivary Glands 152
Salivary glands 152
Applied histology 159
Chapter 13: Placenta and Umbilical Cord 160
Placenta 160
Functions 160
Components 160
Formation of placenta 161
Microscopic structure 162
Placental circulation and barrier 162
Applied histology 164
Umbilical Cord 164
Chapter 14: Respiratory System 166
Common features of air passages 166
Nasal cavities 166
Pharynx 167
Larynx 167
Trachea and principal bronchi 168
Lungs 171
Applied histology 176
Chapter 15: Digestive System: Oral Cavity and
Related Structures 177
Oral cavity 177
Lips 177
Teeth 179
Tongue 180
Applied histology 185
Further reading 185
Chapter 16: Digestive System: General Plan of
Gastrointestinal Tract,
Stomach and Intestines 188
General structure of git 189
Esophagus 191
Stomach 191
Small intestine 197
Large intestine 204
Applied histology 208
Chapter 17: Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas 211
Liver 211
Extrahepatic biliary apparatus 217
Pancreas 219
Differences between serous salivary
gland and pancreas 222
Applied histology 222
Chapter 18: Urinary System 224
Functions 224
Kidneys 224
Ureters 234
Contents xvii
Urinary bladder 235
Urethra 238
Applied histology 238
Chapter 19: Central Nervous System:
Spinal Cord, Cerebellar
Cortex and Cerebral Cortex 240
Spinal cord 240
Cerebral cortex 243
Cerebellar cortex 247
Applied histology 251
Chapter 20: Male Reproductive System 252
Testis 252
Spermatogenesis 257
Epididymis 260
Ductus deferens 262
Seminal vesicle 262
Prostate 265
Penis 265
Applied histology 268
Chapter 21: Female Reproductive System 269
Ovary 269
Uterine tubes 276
Uterus 276
Cervix 281
Vagina 282
Female external genitalia 282
Mammary gland 284
Applied histology 287
Chapter 22: Endocrine System 289
Hormones 289
Distribution of endocrine cells 290
Hypophysis cerebri 290
Thyroid gland 295
Parathyroid glands 298
Suprarenal glands/adrenal glands 300
Pineal gland 302
Some other organs having endocrine functions 303
Applied histology 305
Chapter 23: Special Senses: Eye 307
Structure of eyeball 307
Outer fibrous coat 307
Lens 317
Accessory visual organs 319
Applied histology 323
Chapter 24: Special Senses: Ear 325
External ear 325
Middle ear 327
Internal ear 327
Some elementary facts about the
mechanism of hearing 336
Applied histology 336
Index 339