Textbook of Community Health Nursing - II

Unit 1 Introduction: Concepts of Health, Community Health and Community Health Nursing 1
z Important Definitions 2
z Scope of Community Health Nursing 4
z Roles of Community Health Nurses 5
z Work sites of Community Health Nurse 6
z Community Health Nurses and their Education in India 7
z Principles of Community Health Nursing 7
z History of Development of Community Health—Globally 7
z Development of Community Health Nursing—Globally 11
z Development of Public Health Nursing: Significant Events Worldwide 11
z Challenges of 21st Century for Community Health Nursing 13
z Community Health in British India 13
z Development of Community Health Nursing in India— Preindependence 13
z Development of Community Health Nursing—PostIndependence 16
z Twenty-first Century and Challenges for Community Health Nursing 23
Unit 2 Health Planning, Policies and Problems 29
z Health Planning in India 30
z Contributions of Various Committees and Commissions on Health 31
ƒ Health Committees 31
ƒ Health Commissions 34
ƒ National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog 35
ƒ Summary of Investment During Annual and Five-Year Plan 40
z Central Council for Health and Family Welfare 40
z National Health Policy 1983 41
z National Health Policy (NHP) 2002 41
z National Population Policy 2000 41
z National Health Problems in India 42
ƒ Communicable Disease 42
ƒ Noncommunicable Disease (NCD) Problems 44
ƒ Environmental Sanitation Problems 45
ƒ Medical Care Problems 45
ƒ Population Problems 45
Unit 3 Delivery of Community Health Services 50
z Planning, Budgeting and Material Management: Subcenters, Primary Health Centers and Community
Health Centers 51
ƒ Integrated Planning and Budgeting in India 51
Contents
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ƒ Budgeting 58
ƒ Supplies and Equipment 58
ƒ Material Management 59
z Rural Health Services in India: Organization, Staffing and Functions 60
ƒ Levels of Health Care System in India 60
ƒ Administration at the Village Level (Panchayat) 67
z Urban Health Services: Organization, Staffing and Functions 69
ƒ Urban Administration and their Population Coverage 69
ƒ Townships 71
ƒ Cantonment Boards (Military Residential Areas) 71
ƒ Slums 71
ƒ District Family Welfare Services: Organization 71
ƒ Urban Health Posts 71
ƒ Maternal and Child Health Center 73
z Components of Health Services 74
ƒ Environmental Sanitation 74
ƒ Health Education 74
z Vital Statistics 80
Contents xxix
z Defence Services 93
z Institutional Services 93
z Systems of Medicine and Health Care 93
ƒ Allopathy 93
ƒ Ayush 94
ƒ Ayurveda 94
ƒ Yoga 95
ƒ Naturopathy 95
ƒ Unani 95
ƒ Siddha 95
ƒ Homeopathy 96
z Referral System 96
Unit 4 Community Health Nursing Approaches, Concepts and Roles and Responsibilities of Nursing
Personnel 103
z Approaches 104
ƒ Nursing Theories and Nursing Process 104
ƒ Epidemiological Approach 111
ƒ Evidence-Based Practice Approach 114
ƒ Empowering People to Care for Themselves 115
z Concept of Primary Health Care 116
ƒ Elements 116
ƒ Principles/Concepts 116
z Roles and Responsibilities of Community Health Nursing Personnel 117
ƒ Family Health Services 117
ƒ Family Health care Nursing 118
ƒ Information education communication 119
ƒ Management Information System (MIS) 119
ƒ Maintenance of Records and Reports 120
ƒ Training and Supervision of Various Categories of Health workers 122
ƒ Environmental Sanitation 124
ƒ Maternal and Child Health and Family Welfare 125
ƒ Treatment of Minor Ailments 126
ƒ School health services 128
ƒ Occupational Health Nursing 129
ƒ Clinic 130
ƒ Organization of Health Camp 132
ƒ Biomedical Waste 132
z Home Visit: Concept, Principles, Process 135
ƒ Smart Principles of Work for Home Visit 135
ƒ Advantages of Home Visit 135
ƒ Purposes of Home Visit 136
ƒ Steps Involved in Home Visit 136
ƒ Job Description of Community Health Nursing Personnel 140
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Unit 5 Assisting Individuals and Groups to Promote and Maintain their Health 151
z Empowerment for Self-care of individuals, families and groups 152
z Assessment of Self and Family 153
z Stages of development and Newborn 155
z Methods of Growth Monitoring 160
z Measuring vital Signs 163
z Menstrual Cycle 165
z Testicular Self-examination 167
z Warning Signs of Various Diseases 168
z Lab investigations 169
z Seek health services 172
z Maintenance of Health Records for Individual and Family 174
z Continuing Medical Care and Follow-up in Community for Various Diseases and Disabilities 175
z Carryout Therapeutic Procedures as Prescribed/Required for Individual and Family 176
z Waste Management 179
z Sensitize and Handle Social Issues Affecting Health and Development for Self and Family 183
z Utilize Community Resources for Self and Family 193
Unit 6 National Health and Family Welfare Programs and the Role of Community Health Nurses 200
z National Vector-Borne Diseases 202
ƒ National Vector-Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) 202
ƒ Malaria Control Program 202
ƒ National Malaria Control Program Under NVBDCP 204
ƒ Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program 204
ƒ Kala-azar Control Program 205
ƒ Japanese Encephalitis Control 205
ƒ Dengue Control 206
ƒ Chikungunya 207
ƒ National Guinea Worm Disease (Eradication Program) 207
z Maternal and Child Health Related Programs 207
ƒ Journey of Mother and Child Related Programs 207
ƒ Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programs 208
ƒ Expanded program on immunization 222
z Adolescent Health Programs 226
ƒ Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram 226
ƒ School Health Programme 227
ƒ Scheme For Promotion of Menstrual Hygiene 231
z Nutrition Related Programs 233
ƒ National nutritional programs 233
ƒ Midday Meal Program (MDMP) 234
ƒ Integrated Child Development Services Scheme 235
ƒ National Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis Program (NNAPP) 237
z Various communicable and Non-communicable Diseases Health Programs 238
ƒ Acute Respiratory Infection Control Program 238
ƒ Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) 238
Contents xxxi
z Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases 241
ƒ National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP) 241
ƒ National AIDS Control Program (NACP) 243
ƒ Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Control Program 245
ƒ National program for control of blindness (NPCB) 246
ƒ Iodine-deficiency disorder program (IDD) 248
ƒ National water supply and sanitation program 248
ƒ Minimum need Program 249
ƒ 20-Point Program 250
ƒ Polio Eradication: Pulse Polio Program 250
ƒ National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke
(NPCDCS) 252
ƒ National Mental Health Program 254
ƒ Yaws Eradication Program 255
ƒ Health schemes 255
ƒ Sustainable Developmental Goals 261
Unit 7 Health Agencies 270
z Introduction 271
z International Agencies 272
z Multilateral Agencies or Organizations 272
z Bilateral Organizations 279
z Nongovernmental and Other Agencies 279
z Voluntary Health Agencies 281
z Indian Red Cross Society 282
Index 288