Maternity Nursing

1. Communication in Nursing 1
• Introduction 1
• Importance of communication 2
• Anatomy of communication (structure) 3
• Physiology of communication (communication process) 4
• Factors influencing communication process 7
• Classification communication 12
• Verbal communication 12
• Nonverbal communication 14
• Therapeutic communication 17
• Non-therapeutic communication 19
• Nursing documentation as effective communication 23
2. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing 31
• Introduction to interpersonal skills 31
– Importance of interpersonal skills 31
– Concepts of interpersonal behavior 32
– Problems of interpersonal relations 33
• Teacher-student relationship 35
• Self concept and professional self 35
• Therapeutic use of self 37
• The johari window 38
• Characteristic of enhancing therapeutic relationship 39
• Stage of the nurse-client relationship 41
3. Human Relations in Nursing 44
• Nature of human relations 44
• Evolution of human relations 45
• Human relations in ancient india 46
• Factors influencing human relation 47
• Tasks of human relations improvement 48
• Human relations in health care 53
• Human relation and self 54
• Groups dynamics 56
• Classification of groups 57
• Elements of groups behavior 58
• Types of health care groups 61
• Characteristics of effective groups 63
4. Principles of Education 65
• Meaning of education 65
• Definition of education 67
• Types of education 69
• Philosophies of education 71
– Meaning of philosophies 71
xii Communication and Educational Technology
Contents xiii
– Selection of organizing centres 138
– Selection of method of evaluation 138
• Daily lesson planning 141
– Nature of lesson plan in teaching 141
– Definition of lesson plan 141
– Significance of lesson planning 142
– Characteristics of good lesson plan 143
– Teaching unit 143
– Teacher requirement in lesson plan 144
– Types of lesson plan 145
7. Methods of Teaching 151
• Introduction 151
• Methods of teaching used in nursing 151
– Lecturing as a teaching method 151
– Questioning as a teaching method 156
– Team teaching 159
– Demonstration as a teaching method 160
– Discussion as a teaching method 162
– Problem-discussion as a teaching method 166
– Project method 167
– Simulation in education 171
– Self-instruction module 175
– Micro teaching 179
– Programmed Instruction 184
• Methods of clinical teaching in nursing 187
– Laboratory method 189
– Nursing clinics 193
– Bedside clinic (as a method of clinical teaching) 195
– Nursing rounds (as a method of clinical teaching) 196
– Nursing care study 198
– Nursing assignment (as a method of teaching) 200
– Nursing care conference as a method of teaching 203
– Nursing team conference (as a method of teaching) 204
– Morning and afternoon report 207
– Team teaching conference 210
– Health team conference 210
– Individual conference 211
• Process recording as a method of clinical teaching 212
– The seminar as a method of teaching 217
– Case analysis method 219
– Case incident method 220
– Role play (as a teaching method in nursing) 221
– Field-trip (as a method of clinical teaching) 222
8. Educational Media 226
• Introduction 226
• Cone of experience 226
• Audio-visual aids in education 227
• Commonly used A-V aids 233
xiv Communication and Educational Technology for Nurses
• Graphic teaching aids 233
– Charts 234
– Pictures 234
– Diagrams 236
– Maps 236
– Graphs 237
– Posters 238
– Cartoons 239
– Comic strips 239
– Flash cards 240
• Display boards as teaching aids 241
– Black board 241
– Flannel board 244
– Magnetic chalkboard 244
• None-projected teaching aids 245
– Models 245
– Objects and specimen 246
– Exhibitions 248
– Museums 249
– Dioramas 249
• Activity teaching aids 251
– Fields trips 251
– Demonstration 252
– Experiments 254
– Dramatisation 255
– Puppetry 255
• Auditory aids 256
– Radio 256
– Recording devices 257
• Still projective aids 260
– Opaque projections 261
– Slide and filmstrip projection 262
– Overhead projection 264
• Motion pictures 266
– Video 270
– Television 271
• Computers as teaching aids 272
9. Evaluation in Nursing Education 276
• Introduction 276
• Definition of evaluation 276
• Purposes of evaluation 278
• Purposes of evaluation in nursing 278
• Characteristic of evaluation in nursing 279
• Types of evaluation 280
• Formative evaluation 280
• Summative evaluation 281
• Classification of evaluation techniques 281
• Examination 283
– Purposes of examination 283
Contents xv
– Types of examination 284
– Essay type examination 284
– Objective type examination 287
– Short answer type items 289
– Alternate-response type tests 291
– Guideline for writing true false items 292
– Guideline for writing multiple choice items 295
– Matching type test items 297
– Oral examination 300
• Classification of clinical evaluation techniques 302
– Observation techniques 303
– Types of observation tools 304
– Checklist 304
– Anecdotal record 307
– Rating scale 309
10. Guidance and Counselling 314
• Introduction 314
• Need for guidance counselling in nursing 314
• Meaning of guidance and counselling 315
• Scope of guidance and counselling in education 317
• Assumption of guidance and counselling 318
• Principles of guidance and counselling 318
• Types of guidance 320
• Educational guidance in nursing 322
– Objective of educational guidance 322
– Principles of educational guidance 323
– Classification of students and education guidance 323
– Identification of student problem 323
– Ethics in collecting guidance information 325
– Guidance folder and master register 325
• Stragies for educational guidance 326
• Phase of counselling 331
• Approaches to counselling 332
• Organisation of counselling services 337
• Issues/problems of guidance and counselling 345
• Student guidance and counseling in nursing 346
11. Health Education 351
• Introduction 351
• Definition of health education 351
• Aims of health education 354
• Objectives of health education 354
• Role of health care provider 355
• Principles of health education 356
• New health practices 359
• Approaches to health education 361
• Planning for health education 364
• Methods and media for health education 364
Index 371