Essentials of Psychology

Chapter 1 Psychology 3
• Introduction …………………………………………………… 3
• Definitions ……………………………………………………… 3
• Behavioural Science …………………………………………… 5
• Brief History of Psychology …………………………………… 7
• Scope of Psychology …………………………………………… 17
• Methods of Psychology………………………………………… 21
• Relevance of Psychology to Nursing ………………………… 30
UNIT 2 BIOLOGY OF BEHAVIOUR
Chapter 2 Biology of Behaviour 35
• Introduction …………………………………………………… 35
• Nervous System………………………………………………… 36
• Central Nervous System ……………………………………… 43
• Brain …………………………………………………………… 48
• Spinal Cord …………………………………………………… 57
• Peripheral Nervous System …………………………………… 63
• Effects of Autonomic Stimulation……………………………… 74
• Response of Nervous Tissue to Injury ………………………… 78
• Psychology of Sensation ……………………………………… 80
• Muscular and Glandular Control of Behavior ………………… 80
• Heredity and Environment …………………………………… 83
UNIT 3 COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Chapter 3 Attention and Perception 97
• Attention ……………………………………………………… 97
• Perception …………………………………………………… 101
• Observation and Nurse ……………………………………… 109
Contents
xii Essentials of Psychology
Chapter 4 Psychology of Learning 111
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 111
• Factors Influencing for Learning …………………………… 112
• Classical Conditioning ……………………………………… 113
• Laws of Conditioning ……………………………………… 116
• Punishment ………………………………………………… 120
• Cognitive Learning, Insight and Latent Learning…………… 121
• Study Habits ………………………………………………… 125
Chapter 5 Remembering and Forgetting 129
• Memory ……………………………………………………… 129
• Forgetting (When Memory Fails) …………………………… 138
Chapter 6 Thinking and Reasoning 141
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 141
• Thinking……………………………………………………… 141
• Reasoning …………………………………………………… 148
• Thinking and Nursing ……………………………………… 150
• Language and Communication …………………………… 150
Chapter 7 Intelligence 153
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 153
• Causes of Individual Differences …………………………… 154
• Meaning of Intelligence …………………………………… 156
• Definition …………………………………………………… 157
• Theories of Intelligence……………………………………… 158
• Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities ……………………… 159
• Process-oriented Theories of Intelligence ………………… 161
• Information-processing Theories …………………………… 163
• Individual Differences in Intelligence ……………………… 164
• Intelligence and Changes in Age …………………………… 165
• Intelligence and Gender Difference ………………………… 165
• Intelligence and Racial or Cultural Differences …………… 165
• Types of Intelligence Tests ………………………………… 166
• Mental Age and IQ (Intelligence Quotient) ………………… 167
Contents xiii
• Characteristics of a Good Test ……………………………… 169
• Creativity …………………………………………………… 173
Chapter 8 Aptitude 177
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 177
• Types of Aptitudes…………………………………………… 177
• Individual Differences ……………………………………… 178
UNIT 4 MOTIVATION AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES
Chapter 9 Motivation 183
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 183
• Definition …………………………………………………… 184
• Classification of Motives …………………………………… 184
• Theories of Motivation ……………………………………… 187
• Types of Motives …………………………………………… 190
• Need for Achievement: Secondary Motive ………………… 193
• Measuring Achievement Motivation ……………………… 193
• Measurement of Motives …………………………………… 195
• Frustration and Conflict …………………………………… 195
Chapter 10 Emotions 199
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 199
• Definitions …………………………………………………… 199
• Characteristics of Emotions ………………………………… 201
• Kinds of Emotions …………………………………………… 202
• Importance of Emotions …………………………………… 202
• Theories of Emotions ……………………………………… 203
• Emotions and Health………………………………………… 206
• Emotional Adjustment ……………………………………… 207
• Emotions in Illness…………………………………………… 208
• Stressors …………………………………………………… 209
Chapter 11 Attitudes 214
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 214
• Nature and Development of Attitudes……………………… 215
xiv Essentials of Psychology
• Components of Attitudes …………………………………… 216
• Attitude of Heuristics ……………………………………… 218
• Measurement of Attitudes ………………………………… 219
• Factors Affecting Attitude…………………………………… 223
• Attitude-Behaviour Relationship …………………………… 225
• Attitudinal Change ………………………………………… 226
UNIT 5 PERSONALITY
Chapter 12 Personality 229
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 229
• Definitions …………………………………………………… 230
• Theories of Personality ……………………………………… 230
• Development of Personality………………………………… 242
• Assessment of Personality ………………………………… 246
• Applications of Personality Tests …………………………… 251
UNIT 6 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 13 Psychology of Growth and Development 257
Contents xv
• Indicators of Mental Health ………………………………… 274
• Factors Responsible for Poor Mental Health ……………… 277
• Promoting Mental Health and Preventive Mental
Health Strategies And Services ……………………………… 279
• Role of Nurse ………………………………………………… 281
Chapter 15 Defence Mechanism 283
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 283
• Characteristics of Defence Mechanism …………………… 283
• Important defence mechanisms …………………………… 284
Chapter 16 Educational Psychology 290
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 290
• Definitions …………………………………………………… 290
• The Nature of Educational Psychology……………………… 291
• Objectives of Educational Psychology ……………………… 292
• Teaching Objectives of Educational Psychology …………… 292
• Scope of Educational Psychology…………………………… 292
• Methods of Educational Psychology ……………………… 294
Chapter 17 Effective Teacher 296
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 296
• Characteristics of Effective Teacher ………………………… 298
• Qualities of a good Teacher ………………………………… 298
• Teaching and Internal Factors Influencing Behaviour……… 299
• External Factors Influencing Behaviour …………………… 299
Chapter 18 Evaluation 301
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 301
• Definitions …………………………………………………… 301
• Forms of Evaluation ………………………………………… 302
• Methods of Evaluation ……………………………………… 303
• Tools of Evaluation ………………………………………… 303
• Purposes of Evaluation ……………………………………… 304
• Process of evaluation ……………………………………… 304
xvi Essentials of Psychology
• Functions of Evaluation……………………………………… 304
• Evaluation Method ………………………………………… 305
Chapter 19 Guidance and Counseling 308
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 308
• Meaning of Guidance ……………………………………… 308
• Characteristics of Guidance ………………………………… 309
• Principles of Guidance ……………………………………… 309
• Functions of Guidance and Counseling …………………… 311
• Need of guidance and counseling in Nursing ……………… 311
• Role of Nurse in Guidance and Counseling ………………… 312
UNIT 8 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND TESTS
Chapter 20 Psychological Assessment and Test 317
• Introduction ………………………………………………… 317
• Psychosocial Assessment …………………………………… 317
• Psychiatric/Psychological History…………………………… 318
• Personal History/Habits …………………………………… 318
• Mental Status Examination-General Considerations ……… 321
• Role of Nurses in Psychological Assessment ……………… 324
Model Question Papers ……………………………………………… 327
Glossary ……………………………………………………………… 337
Bibliography ………………………………………………………… 345