CISCO CCNA : Routing and Switching 1 CND 2 200 - 101

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CCNA ICND2 200-101: Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing, Part II

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Table of Contents
Introduction xxviii

Getting Started 3

Part I: LAN Switching 11

Chapter 1 Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts 13

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 13

Foundation Topics 16

LAN Switching Review 16

LAN Switch Forwarding Logic 16

Switch Verification 17

Viewing the MAC Address Table 17

Determining the VLAN of a Frame 19

Verifying Trunks 20

Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D) 21

The Need for Spanning Tree 22

What IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Does 24

How Spanning Tree Works 25

The STP Bridge ID and Hello BPDU 27

Electing the Root Switch 27

Choosing Each Switch’s Root Port 29

Choosing the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment 31

Influencing and Changing the STP Topology 32

Making Configuration Changes to Influence the STP Topology 32

Reacting to State Changes That Affect the STP Topology 33

How Switches React to Changes with STP 34

Changing Interface States with STP 35

Optional STP Features 36

EtherChannel 37

PortFast 37

BPDU Guard 38

Rapid STP (IEEE 802.1w) 38

Exam Preparation Tasks 40

Chapter 2 Spanning Tree Protocol Implementation 43

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 43

Foundation Topics 46

STP Configuration and Verification 46

Setting the STP Mode 47

Connecting STP Concepts to STP Configuration Options 47

Per-VLAN Configuration Settings 47

The Bridge ID and System ID Extension 48

Per-VLAN Port Costs 49

STP Configuration Option Summary 49

Verifying STP Operation 50

Configuring STP Port Costs 53

Configuring Priority to Influence the Root Election 55

Configuring PortFast and BPDU Guard 56

Configuring EtherChannel 58

Configuring a Manual EtherChannel 58

Configuring Dynamic EtherChannels 60

STP Troubleshooting 61

Determining the Root Switch 62

Determining the Root Port on Nonroot Switches 63

STP Tiebreakers When Choosing the Root Port 64

Suggestions for Attacking Root Port Problems on the Exam 65

Determining the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment 66

Suggestions for Attacking Designated Port Problems on the Exam 67

STP Convergence 68

Troubleshooting EtherChannel 68

Incorrect Options on the channel-group Command 68

Configuration Checks Before Adding Interfaces to EtherChannels 70

Exam Preparation Tasks 73

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 73

Chapter 3 Troubleshooting LAN Switching 77

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 77

Foundation Topics 78

Generalized Troubleshooting Methodologies 78

Analyzing and Predicting Normal Network Operation 79

Data Plane Analysis 79

Control Plane Analysis 81

Predicting Normal Operations: Summary of the Process 81

Problem Isolation 82

Root Cause Analysis 83

Real World Versus the Exams 84

Troubleshooting the LAN Switching Data Plane 84

An Overview of the Normal LAN Switch Forwarding Process 85

Step 1: Confirm the Network Diagrams Using CDP 86

Step 2: Isolate Interface Problems 88

Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States 88

The notconnect State and Cabling Pinouts 90

Determining Switch Interface Speed and Duplex 91

Issues Related to Speed and Duplex 92

Step 3: Isolate Filtering and Port Security Problems 94

Step 4: Isolate VLAN and Trunking Problems 98

Ensuring That the Right Access Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs 98

Access VLANs Not Being Defined or Not Being Active 100

Identify Trunks and VLANs Forwarded on Those Trunks 100

Troubleshooting Examples and Exercises 102

Troubleshooting Example 1: Find Existing LAN Data Plane Problems 103

Step 1: Verify the Accuracy of the Diagram Using CDP 104

Step 2: Check for Interface Problems 105

Step 3: Check for Port Security Problems 107

Step 4: Check for VLAN and VLAN Trunk Problems 109

Troubleshooting Example 2: Predicting LAN Data Plane Behavior 112

PC1 ARP Request (Broadcast) 113

R1 ARP Reply (Unicast) 116

Exam Preparation Tasks 121

Answers to Troubleshooting Example 1 121

Part I Review 124

Part II: IP Version 4 Routing 129

Chapter 4 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part I 131

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 131

Foundation Topics 132

Predicting Normal IPv4 Routing Behavior 132

Host IPv4 Routing Logic 132

Routing Logic Used by IPv4 Routers 133

IP Routing Logic on a Single Router 134

IP Routing from Host to Host 135

Building New Data Link Headers Using ARP Information 136

Problem Isolation Using the ping Command 137

Ping Command Basics 138

Strategies and Results When Testing with the ping Command 139

Testing Longer Routes from Near the Source of the Problem 139

Using Extended Ping to Test the Reverse Route 142

Testing LAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 144

Testing LAN Neighbors with Extended Ping 145

Testing WAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 145

Using Ping with Names and with IP Addresses 146

Problem Isolation Using the traceroute Command 147

traceroute Basics 147

How the traceroute Command Works 148

Standard and Extended traceroute 150

Using traceroute to Isolate the Problem to Two Routers 151

Exam Preparation Tasks 154

Chapter 5 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part II 157

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 157

Foundation Topics 158

Problems Between the Host and the Default Router 158

Root Causes Based on a Host’s IPv4 Settings 158

Ensure IPv4 Settings Correctly Match 158

Mismatched Masks Impact Route to Reach Subnet 160

Typical Root Causes of DNS Problems 161

Wrong Default Router IP Address Setting 163

Root Causes Based on the Default Router’s Configuration 163

Mismatched VLAN Trunking Configuration with Router on a Stick 163

DHCP Relay Issues 166

Router LAN Interface and LAN Issues 167

Problems with Routing Packets Between Routers 169

IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route 170

Using show ip route and Subnet Math to Find the Best Route 170

Using show ip route address to Find the Best Route 172

show ip route Reference 172

Routing Problems Caused by Incorrect Addressing Plans 174

Recognizing When VLSM Is Used or Not 174

Overlaps When Not Using VLSM 174

Overlaps When Using VLSM 176

Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets 177

Router WAN Interface Status 178

Filtering Packets with Access Lists 178

Exam Preparation Tasks 181

Chapter 6 Creating Redundant First-Hop Routers 183

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 183

Foundation Topics 186

FHRP Concepts 186

The Need for Redundancy in Networks 186

The Need for a First Hop Redundancy Protocol 188

The Three Solutions for First-Hop Redundancy 189

HSRP Concepts 190

HSRP Failover 191

HSRP Load Balancing 192

GLBP Concepts 193

FHRP Configuration and Verification 195

Configuring and Verifying HSRP 195

Configuring and Verifying GLBP 198

Exam Preparation Tasks 202

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 202

Chapter 7 Virtual Private Networks 205

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 205

Foundation Topics 207

VPN Fundamentals 207

IPsec VPNs 209

SSL VPNs 211

GRE Tunnels 212

GRE Tunnel Concepts 212

Routing over GRE Tunnels 213

GRE Tunnels over the Unsecured Network 214

Configuring GRE Tunnels 216

Verifying a GRE Tunnel 218

Exam Preparation Tasks 221

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 221

Part II Review 224

Part III: IP Version 4 Routing Protocols 229

Chapter 8 Implementing OSPF for IPv4 231

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 231

Foundation Topics 234

OSPF Protocols and Operation 234

OSPF Overview 234

Becoming Neighbors and Exchanging the LSDB 235

Agreeing to Become Neighbors 236

Fully Exchanging LSAs with Neighbors 237

Maintaining Neighbors and the LSDB 238

Using Designated Routers on Ethernet Links 239

Scaling OSPF Using Areas 240

OSPF Areas 241

How Areas Reduce SPF Calculation Time 242

OSPF Area Design Advantages 243

Link-State Advertisements 244

Router LSAs Build Most of the Intra-Area Topology 245

Network LSAs Complete the Intra-Area Topology 245

LSAs in a Multi-Area Design 247

Calculating the Best Routes with SPF 248

Administrative Distance 250

OSPF Configuration and Verification 251

OSPFv2 Configuration Overview 251

Multi-Area OSPFv2 Configuration Example 252

Single-Area Configurations 254

Multi-Area Configuration 255

Verifying the Multi-Area Configuration 256

Verifying the Correct Areas on Each Interface on an ABR 256

Verifying Which Router Is DR and BDR 257

Verifying the Number and Type of LSAs 258

Verifying OSPF Routes 259

OSPF Metrics (Cost) 259

Setting the Cost Based on Interface Bandwidth 260

The Need for a Higher Reference Bandwidth 261

OSPF Load Balancing 262

Exam Preparation Tasks 263

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 264

Chapter 9 Understanding EIGRP Concepts 267

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 267

Foundation Topics 269

EIGRP and Distance Vector Routing Protocols 269

Introduction to EIGRP 269

Basic Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features 271

The Concept of a Distance and a Vector 271

Full Update Messages and Split Horizon 273

Route Poisoning 275

EIGRP as an Advanced DV Protocol 276

EIGRP Sends Partial Update Messages, As Needed 276

EIGRP Maintains Neighbor Status Using Hello 276

Summary of Interior Routing Protocol Features 277

EIGRP Concepts and Operation 278

EIGRP Neighbors 278

Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information 279

Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table 280

The EIGRP Metric Calculation 280

An Example of Calculated EIGRP Metrics 281

Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links 283

EIGRP Convergence 284

Feasible Distance and Reported Distance 284

EIGRP Successors and Feasible Successors 285

The Query and Reply Process 287

Exam Preparation Tasks 288

Chapter 10 Implementing EIGRP for IPv4 291

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 291

Foundation Topics 294

Core EIGRP Configuration and Verification 294

EIGRP Configuration 294

Configuring EIGRP Using a Wildcard Mask 296

Verifying EIGRP Core Features 296

Finding the Interfaces on Which EIGRP is Enabled 297

Displaying EIGRP Neighbor Status 300

Displaying the IPv4 Routing Table 301

EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors 302

Viewing the EIGRP Topology Table 303

Finding Successor Routes 305

Finding Feasible Successor Routes 306

Convergence Using the Feasible Successor Route 308

Examining the Metric Components 310

Other EIGRP Configuration Settings 311

Load Balancing Across Multiple EIGRP Routes 311

Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation 313

Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks 314

Automatic Summarization at the Boundary of a Classful Network 314

Discontiguous Classful Networks 315

Exam Preparation Tasks 318

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 318

Chapter 11 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Protocols 323

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 323

Foundation Topics 324

Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems 324

Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol 325

EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting 327

Examining Working EIGRP Interfaces 327

Examining the Problems with EIGRP Interfaces 330

OSPF Interface Troubleshooting 332

Neighbor Relationships 335

EIGRP Neighbor Verification Checks 337

EIGRP Neighbor Troubleshooting Example 338

OSPF Neighbor Troubleshooting 339

Finding Area Mismatches 341

Finding Duplicate OSPF Router IDs 342

Finding OSPF Hello and Dead Timer Mismatches 343

Other OSPF Issues 345

Mismatched OSPF Network Types 345

Mismatched MTU Settings 346

Exam Preparation Tasks 348

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 348

Part III Review 352

Part IV: Wide-Area Networks 357

Chapter 12 Implementing Point-to-Point WANs 359

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 359

Foundation Topics 362

Leased Line WANs with HDLC 362

Layer 1 Leased Lines 363

The Physical Components of a Leased Line 363

Leased Lines and the T-Carrier System 365

The Role of the CSU/DSU 367

Building a WAN Link in a Lab 367

Layer 2 Leased Lines with HDLC 368

Configuring HDLC 370

Leased-Line WANs with PPP 373

PPP Concepts 373

PPP Framing 374

PPP Control Protocols 374

PPP Authentication 375

Configuring PPP 376

CHAP Configuration and Verification 377

Troubleshooting Serial Links 378

Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems 379

Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems 380

Keepalive Failure 381

PAP and CHAP Authentication Failure 382

Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems 383

Exam Preparation Tasks 386

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 386

Chapter 13 Understanding Frame Relay Concepts 389

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 389

Foundation Topics 392

Frame Relay Overview 392

Virtual Circuits 394

LMI and Encapsulation Types 396

Frame Relay Encapsulation and Framing 397

Frame Relay Addressing 398

Frame Relay Local Addressing 398

Frame Forwarding with One DLCI Field 399

Network Layer Addressing with Frame Relay 401

Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs 401

Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC 402

Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach 404

Exam Preparation Tasks 406

Chapter 14 Implementing Frame Relay 409

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 409

Foundation Topics 412

Frame Relay Configuration and Verification 412

Planning a Frame Relay Configuration 412

Configuring Using Physical Interfaces and One IP Subnet 413

Configuring the Encapsulation and LMI 415

Frame Relay Address Mapping 416

Configuring Point-to-Point Subinterfaces 421

Configuring with Multipoint Subinterfaces 426

OSPF Issues on Frame Relay Multipoint and Physical Interfaces 429

Frame Relay Troubleshooting 430

A Suggested Frame Relay Troubleshooting Process 430

Layer 1 Issues on the Access Link (Step 1) 432

Layer 2 Issues on the Access Link (Step 2) 432

PVC Problems and Status (Step 3) 433

Frame Relay Mapping Issues (Step 4) 440

End-to-End Encapsulation (Step 5) 441

Mismatched Subnet Numbers (Step 6) 441

Exam Preparation Tasks 442

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 442

Chapter 15 Identifying Other Types of WANs 445

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 445

Foundation Topics 447

Private WANs to Connect Enterprises 447

Leased Lines 447

Frame Relay 449

Ethernet WANs 449

MPLS 451

VSAT 452

Public WANs and Internet Access 453

Internet Access (WAN) Links 453

Dial Access with Modems and ISDN 454

Digital Subscriber Line 456

Cable Internet 457

Mobile Phone Access with 3G/4G 459

PPP over Ethernet 460

Exam Preparation Tasks 463

Part IV Review 464

Part V: IP Version 6 469

Chapter 16 Troubleshooting IPv6 Routing 471

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 471

Foundation Topics 472

Normal IPv6 Operation 472

Unicast IPv6 Addresses and IPv6 Subnetting 472

Assigning Addresses to Hosts 475

Stateful DHCPv6 475

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 476

Router Address and Static Route Configuration 477

Configuring IPv6 Routing and Addresses on Routers 477

IPv6 Static Routes on Routers 478

Verifying IPv6 Connectivity 479

Verifying Connectivity from IPv6 Hosts 479

Verifying IPv6 from Routers 481

Troubleshooting IPv6 483

Pings from the Host Work Only in Some Cases 484

Pings Fail from a Host to Its Default Router 486

Problems Using Any Function That Requires DNS 487

Host Is Missing IPv6 Settings: Stateful DHCP Issues 488

Host Is Missing IPv6 Settings: SLAAC Issues 489

Traceroute Shows Some Hops, But Fails 490

Routing Looks Good, But Traceroute Still Fails 492

Exam Preparation Tasks 494

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 495

Chapter 17 Implementing OSPF for IPv6 499

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 499

Foundation Topics 502

OSPFv3 Configuration 502

OSPFv3 ICND1 Configuration Review 502

Example Multi-Area OSPFv3 Configuration 503

Single Area Configuration on the Three Internal Routers 504

Adding Multi-Area Configuration on the Area Border Router 506

Other OSPFv3 Configuration Settings 507

Setting OSPFv3 Interface Cost to Influence Route Selection 507

OSPF Load Balancing 508

Injecting Default Routes 508

OSPF Concepts, Verification, and Troubleshooting 509

OSPFv3 Interfaces 511

Verifying OSPFv3 Interfaces 511

Troubleshooting OSPFv3 Interfaces 512

OSPFv3 Neighbors 513

Verifying OSPFv3 Neighbors 513

Troubleshooting OSPFv3 Neighbors 514

OSPFv3 LSDB and LSAs 517

Verifying OSPFv3 LSAs 517

Troubleshooting OSPFv3 LSAs 519

OSPFv3 Metrics and IPv6 Routes 520

Verifying OSPFv3 Interface Cost and Metrics 520

Troubleshooting IPv6 Routes Added by OSPFv3 523

Exam Preparation Tasks 525

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 525

Chapter 18 Implementing EIGRP for IPv6 529

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 529

Foundation Topics 532

EIGRPv6 Configuration 532

EIGRPv6 Configuration Basics 532

EIGRPv6 Configuration Example 533

Other EIGRPv6 Configuration Settings 536

Setting Bandwidth and Delay to Influence EIGRPv6 Route Selection 536

EIGRP Load Balancing 537

EIGRP Timers 538

EIGRPv6 Concepts, Verification, and Troubleshooting 538

EIGRPv6 Interfaces 539

EIGRPv6 Neighbors 541

EIGRPv6 Topology Database 543

EIGRPv6 IPv6 Routes 545

Exam Preparation Tasks 547

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 547

Part V Review 550

Part VI: Network Management 555

Chapter 19 Managing Network Devices 557

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 557

Foundation Topics 560

Simple Network Management Protocol 560

Describing SNMP 560

The Management Information Base 562

Configuring SNMP Version 2c 563

SNMP Version 3 565

System Message Logging (Syslog) 566

An Overview of System Message Logging 566

System Message Format 567

System Message Severity Levels 567

Configuring and Verifying Syslog 568

Using a Syslog Server 569

NetFlow 570

An Overview of NetFlow 570

Network Flows 571

Configuring NetFlow 572

Verifying and Using NetFlow 573

The NetFlow Collector 575

Exam Preparation Tasks 576

Chapter 20 Managing IOS Files 579

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 579

Foundation Topics 581

Managing Cisco IOS Files 581

Upgrading a Cisco IOS Software Image into Flash Memory 581

The Cisco IOS Software Boot Sequence 584

The Three Router Operating Systems 585

The Configuration Register 586

How a Router Chooses Which OS to Load 586

Recovering If the IOS Does Not Load 588

Verifying the IOS Image Using the show version Command 589

Password Recovery 591

The General Ideas Behind Cisco Password Recovery/Reset 591

A Specific Password Reset Example 592

Managing Configuration Files 595

Configuration File Basics 595

Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 597

Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 599

Exam Preparation Tasks 601

Command References 601

Chapter 21 Managing IOS Licensing 605

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 605

Foundation Topics 607

IOS Packaging 607

IOS Images per Model, Series, and per Software Version/Release 607

Original Packaging: One IOS Image per Feature Set Combination 608

New IOS Packaging: One Universal Image with All Feature Sets 609

IOS Software Activation with Universal Images 609

Managing Software Activation with Cisco License Manager 611

Manually Activating Software Using Licenses 612

Example of Manually Activating a License 614

Showing the Current License Status 614

Adding a Permanent Technology Package License 616

Right-to-Use Licenses 618

Exam Preparation Tasks 621

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 621

Part VI Review 624

Part VII: Final Review 627

Chapter 22 Final Review 629

Advice About the Exam Event 629

Learn the Question Types Using the Cisco Certification Exam Tutorial 629

Think About Your Time Budget Versus Numbers of Questions 630

A Suggested Time-Check Method 631

Miscellaneous Pre-Exam Suggestions 631

Exam-Day Advice 632

Exam Review 632

Practice Subnetting and Other Math-Related Skills 633

Take Practice Exams 635

Practicing Taking the ICND2 Exam 635

Practicing Taking the CCNA Exam 636

Advice on How to Answer Exam Questions 638

Taking Other Practice Exams 639

Find Knowledge Gaps Through Question Review 640

Practice Hands-On CLI Skills 642

Review Mind Maps from Part Review 643

Do Labs 643

Other Study Tasks 643

Final Thoughts 644

Part VIII: Appendixes 647

Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables 649

Appendix B ICND2 Exam Updates 657

Glossary 659

DVD-only Appendixes

Appendix C Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes

Appendix D Memory Tables

Appendix E Memory Tables Answer Key

Appendix F Mind Map Solutions

Appendix G Study Planner

9781587143731 TOC 3/22/2013