Highway Engineering

Introduction 1-11
1
1.1 Importance of Transportation 1
1.2 Different Modes of Transportation 3
1.3 Characteristics of Road Transport 6
1.4 Importance of Roads in India 7
1.5 Current Road Development Programmes in India 8
1.6 Scope of Highway Engineering 10
Highway Development and Planning 12-48
2
2.1 Development of Road Construction 12
2.2 Highway Development in India 15
2.3 Highway Planning 22
2.4 Planning Surveys and Interpretation 28
2.4 Highway Planning in India 34
Highway Alignment and Project Preparation 49-71
3
3.1 Highway Alignment 49
3.2 Engineering Surveys for Highway Alignment 54
3.3 Drawings and Report 60
3.4 Highway Projects 61
3.5 Preparation of Detailed Project Report 68
Geometric Design of Highways 72-166
4
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 Highway Cross Section Elements 74
4.3 Sight Distance 89
4.4 Design of Horizontal Alignment 107
4.5 Design of Vertical Alignment 145
4.6 Design of Intersections 161
Traffic Engineering 167-308
5
5.1 Introduction 167
5.2 Traffic Characteristics 169
5.3 Traffic Engineering Studies and Analysis 177
5.4 Traffic Flow and Roadway Capacity 219
5.5 Traffic Regulation and Control 237
5.6 Design of Road Intersections 267
5.7 Design of Parking Facility 283
5.8 Pedestrian Facilities 286
5.9 Highway Lighting 289
5.10 Traffic Planning and Management 296
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vi
Highway Materials 309-387
6
6.1 Materials used in Highway Construction 309
6.2 Soil 311
6.3 Stone Aggregates 339
6.4 Bituminous Binders 352
6.5 Bituminous Paving Mixes 369
6.6 Portland Cement and Cement Concrete 382
Design of Highway Pavements 388-495
7
7.1 Introduction 388
7.2 Flexible Pavements – Components and their Functions 395
7.3 Factors Affecting Design and Performance of Flexible
Pavements 398
7.4 Stresses in Flexible Pavements 413
7.5 Flexible Pavement Design Methods 424
7.6 Rigid Pavements – Components and their Functions 440
7.7 Factors Affecting Design and Performance of CC
Pavements 445
7.8 Stresses in Rigid Pavements 454
7.9 Rigid Pavement Design Methods 465
Highway Construction 496-588
8
8.1 General Features of Highway Construction 496
8.2 Embankment and Subgrade 499
8.3 Excavation of Earth 512
8.4 Construction of Flexible Pavements 515
8.5 Cement Concrete Pavements 556
8.6 Low Volume Roads 579
Soil Stabilized Roads 589-616
9
9.1 Introduction 589
9.2 Mechanical Soil Stabilization 593
9.3 Soil-Cement Stabilization 600
9.4 Soil-Lime Stabilization 605
9.5 Stabilization of Soil Using Bituminous Materials 608
9.6 Special Problems in Soil Stabilization Work 611
Highway Maintenance 617-689
10 10.1 Importance of Highway Maintenance Works 617
10.2 Deterioration and Damages in Road Infrastructure 624
10.3 Maintenance Requirement in Different Road Components 628
10.4 Distresses in Flexible Pavements and Maintenance
Measures 631
10.5 Structural Evaluation of Flexible Pavements and
Strengthening by Overlay 650
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10.6 Distress in Rigid Pavements and Maintenance Measures 672
10.7 Pavement Maintenance Management System 684
Highway Drainage 690-709
11 11.1 Objects of Highway Drainage system 690
11.2 Requirements and Importance of Highway Drainage 691
11.3 Surface Drainage System for Roads 692
11.4 Hydrologic Analysis 694
11.5 Hydraulic Design 697
11.6 Sub-surface Drainage 703
11.7 Drainage of Slopes and Erosion Control 706
11.8 Road Construction in Water-logged Areas 707
Hill Roads 710-735
12 12.1 Introduction 710
12.2 Alignment of Hill Roads 712
12.3 Geometrics of Hill Roads 715
12.4 Construction of Hill Roads 720
12.5 Drainage Works on Hill Roads 725
12.6 Maintenance Problems on Hill Roads 729
12.7 Landslides 730
Road-side Development 736-743
13 13.1 Environmental and Social Issues in Highway Development 736
13.2 Road-side Development and Arboriculture 737
13.3 Control of Soil Erosion 742
Highway Economics and Finance 744-763
14 14.1 Introduction 744
14.2 Highway User Benefits 745
14.3 Highway Costs 748
14.4 Economic Analysis 752
14.5 Highway Finance 755
Index 764