Pediatric Nursing

Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Child Health 1
• Concept of Child Health 1 • Trends in Child Health Care 4 • Child Health Problems 4
• Disease Patterns in Children 6 • Statistics Related to Child Health 6
• Child Health Care in India 8 • Rights of the Child 9 • Universal Children’s Day 9
• National Policy for Children 10 • Children Act 11
Chapter 2: Introduction to Pediatric Nursing 12
• Concept of Pediatric Nursing 12 • Goals of Pediatric Nursing 12
• Qualities of Pediatric Nurse 12 • Role of the Pediatric Nurse 12
• Functions of Pediatric Nurse 13 • Trends in Pediatric Nursing 14
• Emerging Challenges in Pediatric Nursing 14
• Nursing Process Related to Pediatric Nursing 15
Chapter 3: Preventive Pediatrics 21
• Concept of Preventive Pediatrics 21 • Family Health 21 • Maternal and Child Health 22
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Chapter 7: Growth, Development and the Healthy Child 108
• Growth and Development 108 • Needs of the Healthy Child 121
• Health Promotion of Children and Guidance to Parent for Child Care 128
Chapter 8: Sick Child 131
• Setting of Pediatric Illness Care Delivery 131 • Hospitalization of Sick Child 132
• Child’s Reaction to Hospitalization and Prolonged Illness 132
• Effects of Hospitalization on the Family of the Child 133
• Role of Nurse to help to Cope with Stress of Illness and Hospitalization of Children 133
• Nursing Interventions and Adaptations in Nursing Care of Sick Child 134
Chapter 9: Common Health Problems during Childhood 154
• Fever 154 • Excessive Cry 155 • Vomiting 156 • Diarrhea 157
• Constipation 157 • Abdominal Pain 157
• Abdominal Distension 158 • Allergies 158 • Poisoning 159
• Bites and Stings 161 • Foreign Bodies 163 • Multiple Injuries 164
• Failure to Thrive 164
• Developmental Disorders 165
Chapter 10: Behavioral Disorders in Children 168
• Behavioral Problems of Infancy 169 • Behavioral Problems of Childhood 169
• Behavioral Problems of Adolescence 173
• Nursing Responsibilities in Behavioral Disorders of Children 174
Chapter 11: Congenital Anomalies 175
• Concepts of Congenital Anomalies 175 • Etiology of Congenital Anomalies 175
• Diagnostic Approaches 177 • Common Congenital Anomalies 177
• Prevention of Congenital Anomalies 181 • Genetic Counseling 181
• Nursing Responsibilities towards Congenital Anomalies 182
Chapter 12: Nutritional Deficiency Disorders 183
• Ecology of Malnutrition 183 • Assessment of Nutritional Problems 184
• Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM) 184
• Vitamins and their Deficiency Disorders 188
• Minerals and their Deficiency Disorders 193
• Community Nutrition Programs 195
Chapter 13: Fluids, Electrolytes and Acid-base Disturbances 196
• Body Fluids 196 • Electrolyte Composition of Body Fluids 197
• Acid-base Balance 197 • Fluid Imbalance 198
• Electrolyte Imbalance 199 • Acid-base Imbalance 200
• Clinical Conditions Requiring Fluid Therapy 202
• Monitoring of Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance 202
Chapter 14: Common Communicable Diseases in Children 204
• Common Viral Infections 204 • Common Bacterial Infections 217
• Common Parasitosis in Children 230
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Chapter 15: Respiratory Diseases 242
• Acute Respiratory Infections 242 • Bronchiectasis 245 • Emphysema 247
• Atelectasis 247 • Pleural Effusion 248 • Empyema 248 • Pneumothorax 249
• Lung Abscess 249 • Bronchial Asthma 250 • Status Asthmaticus 251
• Drowning and Near-Drowning 253 • Cystic Fibrosis 254
Chapter 16: Diseases of Gastrointestinal System and Liver 255
• Diarrheal Diseases 255 • Dysentery 259 • Malabsorption Syndrome 260
• Ulcerative Colitis 261 • Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 262
• Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula 263
• Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) Disease 265 • Intestinal Obstruction 266
• Acute Abdomen 267 • Appendicitis 268 • Hirschsprung’s Disease 269
• Anorectal Malformations (ARMs) 271 • Umbilical Malformations 273
• Hernia 274 • Rectal Prolapse 275 • Pancreatitis 275
• Jaundice (Icterus) 276 • Hepatomegaly 277 • Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia (EHBA) 277
• Liver Abscess 278 • Indian Childhood Cirrhosis (ICC) 278
Chapter 17: Heart Diseases in Children 280
• Fetal Circulation 280 • Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) 282
• Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF) 288 • Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) 289
• Rheumatic Heart Disease 291 • Infective Endocarditis 293
• Cardiomyopathy in Children 294
Chapter 18: Childhood Blood Dyscrasias 295
• Anemia 295 • Iron Deficiency Anemia 297 • Megaloblastic Anemia 299
• Hereditary Spherocytosis (Congenital Hemolytic Anemia, Familial Acholuric Jaundice) 299
• Sickle Cell Anemia 299 • Aplastic Anemia 300
• Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia, Mediterranean Anemia) 300 • Hemophilia 303
• Leukemia 305 • Bleeding Disorders/Purpura 308
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) 310 • Immunodeficiency 311
Chapter 19: Disorders of Kidney and Urinary Tract 313
• Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidney and Urinary Tract 313
• Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma) 316 • Nursing Management of the Child with Urologic Surgery 317
• Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) 317 • Chronic Glomerulonephritis 319
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) 319 • Nephrotic Syndrome 320
• Acute Renal Failure (ARF) 321 • Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) 324
• Care of the Child Who Undergoes Dialysis 325
Chapter 20: Burns and Skin Diseases 327
• Burns in Children 327 • Common Skin Diseases in Children 332
Chapter 21: Diseases of Central Nervous System 336
• Child in Coma 336 • Meningitis 339 • Encephalitis and Encephalopathy 341
• Guillain-Barré (GB) Syndrome (Infective Polyneuritis) 343
• Convulsive Disorders 343 • Cerebral Palsy (CP) 347 • Mental Retardation 349
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• Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorders 351 • Down Syndrome (Mongolism) 351
• Neural Tube Defects (Myelodysplasia, Dysraphism) 352 • Hydrocephalus 354
• Intracranial Space-Occupying Lesions (ICSOLs) 357 • Brain Tumors 357
• Head Injury (Craniocerebral Trauma) 358
Chapter 22: Endocrine Disorders in Children 362
• Short Stature 362 • Disorders of Pituitary Glands 363 • Diabetes Insipidus (DI) 363
• Disorders of Thyroid Glands 364 • Disorders of Parathyroid Glands 366
• Disorders of Adrenal Glands 367 • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) 367
• Ambiguous Genitalia 368 • Undescended Testes (Cryptorchidism) 368
• Precocious Puberty 369 • Delayed Sexual Development (Delayed Puberty) 370
• Menstrual Abnormalities 370 • Obesity 372 • Diabetes Mellitus (DM) 372
Chapter 23: Eye, ENT and Orodental Problems in Children 376
• Diseases of the Eye 376 • Ear Problems in Children 380 • Disorders of the Nose 384
• Disorders of Throat 385 • Dental Problems 388 • Problems of Oral Cavity 389
• Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate 389
Chapter 24: Musculoskeletal Disorders in Children 392
• Disorders of Muscles 392 • Disorders of Bones 393 • Diseases of Joints 401
Chapter 25: Handicapped Children and Child Welfare 404
• Handicapped Children 404 • Welfare of Children 407
Appendices 413
Glossary 461
Suggested Reading 479
Index 481