Let us C

Getting Started 1
What is C 2
Getting Started with C 4
The C Character Set 5
Constants, Variables and Keywords 6
Types of C Constants 7
Rules for Constructing Integer Constants 8
Rules for Constructing Real Constants 9
Rules for Constructing Character Constants 10
Types of C Variables 11
Rules for Constructing Variable Names 11
C Keywords 12
The First C Program 13
Compilation and Execution 19
Receiving Input 21
C Instructions 23
Type Declaration Instruction 24
Arithmetic Instruction 25
Integer and Float Conversions 29
Type Conversion in Assignments 29
Hierarchy of Operations 31
Associativity of Operators 34
Control Instructions in C 37
Summary 37
Exercise 38
The Decision Control Structure 49
Decisions! Decisions! 50
The if Statement 51
The Real Thing 55
Multiple Statements within if 56
The if-else Statement 58

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Nested if-elses 61
Forms of if 62
Use of Logical Operators 64
The else if Clause 66
The ! Operator 72
Hierarchy of Operators Revisited 73
A Word of Caution 73
The Conditional Operators 76
Summary 77
Exercise 78
3.

4.
The Loop Control Structure 97
Loops 98
The while Loop 99
Tips and Traps 101
More Operators 105
The for Loop 107
Nesting of Loops 114
Multiple Initialisations in the for Loop 115
The Odd Loop 116
The break Statement 118
The continue Statement 120
The do-while Loop 121
Summary 124
Exercise 124
The Case Control Structure 135
Decisions Using switch 136
The Tips and Traps 140
switch Versus if-else Ladder 144
The goto Keyword 145
Summary 148
Exercise 149

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5.

6.
Functions & Pointers 157
What is a Function 158
Why Use Functions 165
Passing Values between Functions 166
Scope Rule of Functions 171
Calling Convention 172
One Dicey Issue 173
Advanced Features of Functions 174
Function Declaration and Prototypes 175
Call by Value and Call by Reference 178
An Introduction to Pointers 178
Pointer Notation 179
Back to Function Calls 186
Conclusions 189
Recursion 189
Recursion and Stack 194
Adding Functions to the Library 197
Summary 201
Exercise 201
Data Types Revisited 213
Integers, long and short 214
Integers, signed and unsigned 216
Chars, signed and unsigned 217
Floats and Doubles 219
A Few More Issues... 221
Storage Classes in C 223
Automatic Storage Class 224
Register Storage Class 226
Static Storage Class 227
External Storage Class 230
Which to Use When 233
Summary 234
Exercise 235

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The C Preprocessor 241
Features of C Preprocessor 242
Macro Expansion 244
Macros with Arguments 248
Macros versus Functions 252
File Inclusion 253
Conditional Compilation 255
#if and #elif Directives 258
Miscellaneous Directives 260
#undef Directive 260
#pragma Directive 261
Summary 263
Exercise 264
7.

8. Arrays 269
What are Arrays 270
A Simple Program Using Array 272
More on Arrays 275
Array Initialization 275
Bounds Checking 276
Passing Array Elements to a Function 277
Pointers and Arrays 279
Passing an Entire Array to a Function 286
The Real Thing 287
Two Dimensional Arrays 289
Initializing a 2-Dimensional Array 290
Memory Map of a 2-Dimensional Array 291
Pointers and 2-Dimensional Arrays 292
Pointer to an Array 295
Passing 2-D array to a Function 297
Array of Pointers 300
Three Dimensional Array 302
Summary 304

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Exercise 304
Puppetting On Strings 327
What are Strings 328
More about Strings 329
Pointers and Strings 334
Standard Library String Functions 335
strlen( ) 337
strcpy( ) 339
strcat( ) 342
strcmp( ) 343
Two-Dimensional Array of Characters 344
Array of Pointers to Strings 347
Limitation of Array of Pointers to Strings 351
Solution 352
Summary 353
Exercise 354
9.

10.

11.
Structures 363
Why Use Structures 364
Declaring a Structure 367
Accessing Structure Elements 370
How Structure Elements are Stored 370
Array of Structures 371
Additional Features of Structures 374
Uses of Structures 383
Summary 384
Exercise 384
Console Input/Output 393
Types of I/O 394
Console I/O Functions 395
Formatted Console I/O Functions 396

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sprintf( ) and sscanf( ) Functions 404
Unformatted Console I/O Functions 405
Summary 409
Exercise 409
File Input/Output 415
Data Organization 416
File Operations 417
Opening a File 418
Reading from a File 420
Trouble in Opening a File 421
Closing the File 422
Counting Characters, Tabs, Spaces, ... 422
A File-copy Program 424
Writing to a File 425
File Opening Modes 426
String (line) I/O in Files 427
The Awkward Newline 430
Record I/O in Files 430
Text Files and Binary Files 434
Record I/O Revisited 437
Database Management 441
Low Level Disk I/O 447
A Low Level File-copy Program 448
I/O Under Windows 453
Summary 453
Exercise 454
12.

13. More Issues In Input/Output 465
Using argc and argv 466
Detecting Errors in Reading/Writing 470
Standard I/O Devices 472
I/O Redirection 473
Redirecting the Output 474

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Redirecting the Input 476
Both Ways at Once 477
Summary 478
Exercise 478
14.

15.
Operations On Bits 481
Bitwise Operators 482
One’s Complement Operator 484
Right Shift Operator 486
Left Shift Operator 488
Bitwise AND Operator 493
Bitwise OR Operator 498
Bitwise XOR Operator 499
The showbits( ) Function 500
Summary 501
Exercise 501
Miscellaneous Features 505
Enumerated Data Type 506
Uses of Enumerated Data Type 507
Renaming Data Types with typedef 510
Typecasting 511
Bit Fields 513
Pointers to Functions 515
Functions Returning Pointers 518
Functions with Variable Number of Arguments 520
Unions 524
Union of Structures 530
Summary 531
Exercise 531

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C Under Windows 535
Which Windows... 536
Integers 537
The Use of typedef 537
Pointers in the 32-bit World 539
Memory Management 540
Device Access 543
DOS Programming Model 543
Windows Programming Model 547
Event Driven Model 551
Windows Programming, a Closer Look 552
The First Windows Program 554
Hungarian Notation 558
Summary 558
Exercise 559
16.

17.

18.
Windows Programming 561
The Role of a Message Box 562
Here Comes the window... 563
More Windows 566
A Real-World Window 567
Creation and Displaying of Window 569
Interaction with Window 570
Reacting to Messages 572
Program Instances 575
Summary 575
Exercise 576
Graphics Under Windows 579
Graphics as of Now 580
Device Independent Drawing 580

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Hello Windows 582
Drawing Shapes 586
Types of Pens 590
Types of Brushes 592
Code and Resources 596
Freehand Drawing, the Paintbrush Style 596
Capturing the Mouse 600
Device Context, a Closer Look 601
Displaying a Bitmap 603
Animation at Work 607
WM_CREATE and OnCreate( ) 611
WM_TIMER and OnTimer( ) 611
A Few More Points... 612
Windows, the Endless World... 613
Summary 614
Exercise 615
19. Interaction With Hardware 617
Hardware Interaction 618
Hardware Interaction, DOS Perspective 619
Hardware Interaction, Windows Perspective 623
Communication with Storage Devices 626
The ReadSector( ) Function 631
Accessing Other Storage Devices 633
Communication with Keyboard 634
Dynamic Linking 635
Windows Hooks 635
Caps Locked, Permanently 637
Did You Press It TTwwiiccee...... 643
Mangling Keys 644
KeyLogger 645
Where is This Leading 646
Summary 647
Exercise 647

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C Under Linux 649
What is Linux 650
C Programming Under Linux 651
The ‘Hello Linux’ Program 652
Processes 653
Parent and Child Processes 655
More Processes 659
Zombies and Orphans 660
One Interesting Fact 663
Summary 664
Exercise 664
20.

21. More Linux Programming 667
Communication using Signals 668
Handling Multiple Signals 671
Registering a Common Handler 673
Blocking Signals 675
Event Driven Programming 678
Where Do You Go From Here 684
Summary 684
Exercise 685
Appendix A – Precedence Table 687
Appendix B – Standard Library Functions 691
Appendix C – Chasing the Bugs 701
Appendix D – Hexadecimal Numbering 713
Appendix E – ASCII Chart 719
Appendix F – Helper.h File 725
Appendix G – Boot Parameters 729
Appendix H – Linux Installation 735
Index 739

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