| General note |
Volume 1: PHARMACOLOGY<br/>1. Introduction to Pharmacology 5<br/>Puneet Dhamija, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Introduction 5<br/>• Terms and Definitions 5<br/>• Sources of Drugs 6<br/>• Systems of Measurement 7<br/>• Calculations of Doses 9<br/>• Forms of Drugs 9<br/>• Routes of Drug Administration 10<br/>• Pharmacokinetics 14<br/>• Pharmacodynamics 17<br/>• Indian Pharmacopeia (IP) 21<br/>• Drug Laws 21<br/>• Schedules of Drugs 22<br/>• Rational Use of Drugs 23<br/>2. Chemotherapy 25<br/>Parul Saini, Manisha Bisht, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Introduction 25<br/>• Classification of Antimicrobials 25<br/>• Characteristics of Ideal Antimicrobial Drug 27<br/>• Basic Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobial Drugs 27<br/>• Antimicrobial Drug Interactions and Drug Combination 29<br/>• Bacterial Susceptibility and Sensitivity to Antibiotics 30<br/>• Antimicrobial Resistance 30<br/>• Types of Antimicrobial Therapy 31<br/>• Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Selection 32<br/>• Rational use of Drug/Principle of Antimicrobial Therapy 35<br/>• Problems that Arise with the use of Antimicrobials 36<br/>• Causes for Failure of Chemotherapy 36<br/>• Superinfection 37<br/>• Chemoprophylaxis 37<br/>• Probiotics 38<br/>xviii Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses<br/>• General Nursing Implications while using Antimicrobials 38<br/>• Beta-Lactams and b-Lactam Related Agents 39<br/>• Sulfonamides 54<br/>• Quinolones 58<br/>• Tetracycline 61<br/>• Chloramphenicol 64<br/>• Aminoglycoside 66<br/>• Macrolide Antibiotics 69<br/>• Glycopeptide Antibiotic: Vancomycin 71<br/>• Oxazolidinone 73<br/>• Lincosamide Antibiotic: Clindamycin 75<br/>• Polypeptides 76<br/>• Urinary Antiseptics 78<br/>• Antimalarial Drugs 79<br/>• Antihelminthic Drugs 84<br/>• Antiscabies Agents 87<br/>• Antiviral Drugs 89<br/>• Antifungal Drugs 98<br/>• Antituberculosis Drugs 103<br/>• Antileprosy Drugs 112<br/>• Anticancer Drugs 116<br/> Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications,<br/>Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse<br/>3. Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Insecticides 123<br/>Vasantha Kalyani, Ashi Chug, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Introduction 123<br/>• Antiseptics and Disinfectants 123<br/>• Commonly used Antiseptics And Disinfectants 127<br/>• Phenol and Others 130<br/> Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications,<br/>Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse<br/>4. Drugs Acing on Gastrointestinal System 132<br/>Shaina Sharma, Ravi Kant, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Antacids 132<br/>• Histamine Type 2 (H2<br/>) Antagonists 134<br/>• Proton Pump Inhibitors 137<br/>• Mucosal Protective Agents 139<br/>• Prostaglandin Analog 141<br/>Contents xix<br/>• Anticholinergics/Antimuscarinic 142<br/>• Antimicrobial Agents (Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Drugs) 143<br/>• Emetics 145<br/>• Antiemetics 146<br/>• Antidiarrheal Drugs 150<br/>• Newer Strategies to Control Diarrhea 155<br/>• Purgatives 156<br/>• Fluids and Electrolytes 159<br/> Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications,<br/>Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse<br/>5. Drugs used on Respiratory System 161<br/>Parul Saini, Suresh K Sharma, Mayank Mishra, Subodh Kumar<br/>• Antiasthmatics 161<br/>• Bronchodilators 161<br/>• Mast Cell Stabilizers 170<br/>• Leukotriene Antagonists 172<br/>• Corticosteroids 174<br/>• Anti-Ige Antibody 179<br/>• Mucolytics 180<br/>• Nasal Decongestants 186<br/>• Expectorant 188<br/>• Antitussives 190<br/>• Bronchoconstrictors 196<br/>• Antihistamines 200<br/> Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications,<br/>Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse<br/>6. Drugs used on Urinary System 206<br/>Farhanul Huda, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Diuretics 206<br/>• Antidiuretics 213<br/>• Urinary Antiseptics 218<br/>• Acidifiers 220<br/>• Alkalinizers 223<br/> Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications,<br/>Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse<br/>7. Miscellaneous Drugs 227<br/>Vasantha Kalyani, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Drugs used in De-Addiction 227<br/>• Drugs used in Emergencies 228<br/>xx Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses<br/>• Vitamins 231<br/>• Minerals 235<br/>• Immunosuppressants 237<br/>• Immunestimulants 239<br/>• Vaccines and Sera 240<br/>• Management of Common Poisoning 243<br/>• Treatment of Snake Bite 248<br/>• Food Poisoning 249<br/> Vaccines and Sera (Immunization Schedules, General Principles of Treatment of<br/>Poisoning, Antidotes, Treatment of Snake Bite Poisoning and Antivenom)<br/>8. Drugs used on Skin and Mucous Membranes 252<br/>Jagdeesh Goyal, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Emollients 252<br/>• Demulcents 252<br/>• Adsorbants and Protectives 252<br/>• Caustics and Escharotics 252<br/>• Astringents 253<br/>• Counter-Irritants 253<br/>• Keratolytics 253<br/>• Antiseborrheics 253<br/>• Melanizing Agents 253<br/>• Drugs for Acnevulgaris 254<br/>• Nursing Responsibilities 255<br/> Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications,<br/>Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse<br/>9. Drugs Acting on Nervous System 256<br/>Raj Kumar, Suresh K Sharma, Rajneesh Arora, Poonam Arora<br/>• Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Anti Pyretic–Analgesics 256<br/>• Non-Selective Cox Inhibitors 257<br/>• Preferential Cox-2 Inhibitors 260<br/>• Selective Cox Inhibitors 261<br/>• Analgesic-Antipyretics with Poor Anti-Inflammatory Action 261<br/>• Opioid Analgesics 262<br/>• Sedative-Hypnotics 265<br/>• Anesthesia 268<br/>• General Anesthesia 268<br/>• Local Anesthetics 273<br/>• Cholinergic Drugs 277<br/>Contents xxi<br/>• Indirect Acting Cholinergic Drugs 277<br/>• Guanidine 281<br/>• Cholinergic Drugs used in Gi System and Urinary System 282<br/>• Anticholinergics 283<br/>• Natural Alkaloids 286<br/>• Semisynthetic Alkaloids 287<br/>• Synthetic Alkaloids 288<br/>• Muscle Relaxants 290<br/>• Peripherally Acting Muscle Relaxants 290<br/>• Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants 297<br/>• Antipsychotics 299<br/>• Antidepressants 307<br/>• Antianxiety Drugs 313<br/>• Anticonvulsants 320<br/>• Adrenergic Drugs 326<br/>• Nasal Decongestants 329<br/>• Bronchodilator 330<br/>• Smooth Muscle Relaxants 331<br/>• Cns Stimulants 331<br/>• Mood Stabilizers 332<br/>• Stimulants 336<br/>• Antiparkinsoniam Drugs 358<br/> Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications, Drug<br/>Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse<br/>10. Cardiovascular Drugs 362<br/>Anshuman Darbari, Maneesh Sharma, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Haematinics 362<br/>• Iron 362<br/>• Vitamin B12 369<br/>• Folic Acid 372<br/>• Cardiac Glycosides 374<br/>• Drugs used in Angina Pectoris 378<br/>• Antiarrhythmic Drugs 383<br/>• Antihypertensive Drugs 392<br/>• Diuretics 393<br/>• Calcium Channel Blockers 399<br/>• Sympatholytic Drugs 401<br/>xxii Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses<br/>• Ace Inhibitors 412<br/>• Angiotensin–II Antagonist 414<br/>• Renin Inhibitors 416<br/>• Vasodilators 416<br/>• Nitrates 421<br/>• Coagulants 425<br/>• Anticoagulants 427<br/>• Hypolipidemics 436<br/>• Antiplatelets 440<br/>• Thrombolytic (Fibrinolytics) 448<br/>• Plasma Expanders 452<br/> Composition, Action, Dosage, Route, Indications, Contraindications,<br/>Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Effects Toxicity and Role of Nurse<br/>11. Drugs used for Hormonal, Disorders and Supplementation,<br/>Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy 460<br/>Prasuna Jelly, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Hormone 460<br/>• Hypoglycemic Agents 462<br/>• Insulin 463<br/>• Oral Hypoglycemic Agents 471<br/>• Thyroid Drugs 478<br/>• Thyroid Inhibitors 480<br/>• Steroids 483<br/>• Adrenal Steroid Inhibitor 490<br/>• Anabolic Steroids 491<br/>• Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants 493<br/>• Oxytocin 493<br/>• Ergot Derivatives 496<br/>• Prostaglandins 498<br/>• Uterine Relaxants (Tocolytics) 501<br/>• Magnesium Sulfate 503<br/>• Hormonal Contraceptives 503<br/>• Estrogen and Progestrone 510<br/>• Gonadotropins 519<br/>• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Acth), Corticotropin 522<br/>• Calcium Salts and Regulators 526<br/>• Vitamin D 530<br/>Contents xxiii<br/>• Calcitonin 534<br/>• Bisphosphonates 536<br/> Composition, Actions Dosage Route Indications Contraindications, Drugs<br/>Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse, Effects, Adverse Effects, Toxicity and<br/>Role of Nurse<br/>12. Introduction to Drugs used in Alternative Systems of Medicine 540<br/>Raj Kumar, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Introduction 540<br/>• Ayurveda 540<br/>• Siddha System 542<br/>• Homeopathy 544<br/>• Unani System 545<br/>• Yoga 546<br/>• Naturopathy 547<br/>• Department of Ayush under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 547<br/>Volume 2: PATHOLOGY and GENETICS<br/>Division A: Pathology<br/>Section 1: General Pathology<br/>13. Introduction to Pathology 555<br/>Neha Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Introduction 555<br/>• Definition of Pathology 555<br/>• Basic Terminologies in Pathology 555<br/>• Subdivisions of Pathology 556<br/>• Importance of Pathology in the Nursing Curriculum 557<br/>14. Methods and Techniques in Pathology 560<br/>Neha Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Histopathology (Surgical Pathology) 560<br/>• Autopsy Pathology 563<br/>• Microscopy 563<br/>• Immunofluorescence 565<br/>• Immunohistochemistry 565<br/>• Cytogenetics 565<br/>• Molecular Pathology 566<br/>• Flow Cytometry 566<br/>xxiv Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses<br/>15. Cellular and tissue Changes 567<br/>Neha Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Introduction 567<br/>• Cellular Adaptation 568<br/>16. Cell injury, Cell Dealth, Regeneration and Healing 573<br/>Neha Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Cell Injury 573<br/>• I. Autolysis 576<br/>• II. Necrosis 576<br/>• Gangrene 579<br/>• Pathological Calcification 580<br/>• Intracellular Accumulations/Infiltration 580<br/>17. Inflammation 583<br/>Neha Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Introduction 583<br/>• Acute Inflammation 583<br/>• Chronic Inflammation 587<br/>18. Regeneration and wound healing 590<br/>Neha Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Regeneration 590<br/>• Wound Healing 591<br/>19. Infectious diseases 595<br/>Neha Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Introduction 595<br/>• Techniques for Diagnosing Infectious Agents 595<br/>• Routes of Infection 596<br/>• Categories of Common Infectious Agents 596<br/>20. Cellular Growth and Neoplasm 599<br/>Neha Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Introduction 599<br/>• Neoplasms 599<br/>• Carcinoma In Situ 599<br/>• Nomenclature 600<br/>• Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors 600<br/>• Normal Cells and Cancer Cells 602<br/>• Metastasis 602<br/>Contents xxv<br/>• Factors Predisposing to Development of Neoplasia 603<br/>• Carcinogenic Agents 604<br/>• Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms 605<br/>• Laboratory Diagnosis 606<br/>21. Fluid and electrolyte disturbance 608<br/>Neha Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Homeostasis 608<br/>• Disturbances in Fluid Balance 609<br/>• Disturbances in Electrolyte Balance 611<br/>• Abnormalities in PH of Blood 612<br/>22. Disorders of immune System 614<br/>Neha Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Introduction 614<br/>• Types of Immunity 614<br/>• Components of Immune Response 614<br/>• Disorders of Immune System 614<br/>• Hypersensitivity Reactions 615<br/>• Autoimmune Diseases 616<br/>• Immunodeficiency Disorders 616<br/>Section 2: Systemic Pathology<br/>23. Respiratory system 618<br/>Neena Sood, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Tuberculosis 618<br/>• Pleural Effusion 620<br/>• Pneumonia 623<br/>• Lung Abscess 627<br/>• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 629<br/>• Tumors of Lungs 636<br/>24. Cardiovascular system 640<br/>Neena Sood, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Pericardial Effusion 640<br/>• Rheumatic Heart Disease 641<br/>• Endocarditis 644<br/>• Atherosclerosis 646<br/>• Infarction 650<br/>• Aneurysm 651 <br/>xxvi Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses<br/>25. Gastrointestinal System 657<br/>Ram Nawal Rao, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Peptic Ulcer Disease 657<br/>• Typhoid Fever or Enteric Fever 660<br/>• Carcinoma of Gastrointestinal Tract 662<br/>• Buccal Carcinoma 662<br/>• Esophageal Carcinoma 663<br/>• Tumors of Stomach 665<br/>• Tumors of Small and Large Intestine 669<br/>26. Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas 676<br/>Ram Nawal Rao, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Hepatitis 676<br/>• Chronic Liver Abscess 680<br/>• Cirrhosis 681<br/>• Tumors of Liver 686<br/>• Carcinoma of Gallbladder 688<br/>• Tumors of Pancreas 689<br/>• Cholecystitis 690<br/>27. Kidney and urinary system 694<br/>Aminder Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Glomerulonephritis 694<br/>• Secondary Glomerular Disease 699<br/>• Pyelonephritis 701<br/>• Urinary Calculi 704<br/>• Renal Failure 706<br/>• Tumors of Kidney 708<br/>• Cystitis 711<br/>28. Male reproductive system 715<br/>Aminder Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Cryptorchidism 715<br/>• Testicular Atrophy 717<br/>• Prostatic Hyperplasia 717<br/>• Carcinoma of Penis 720<br/>• Carcinoma of Prostate 721<br/>29. Female reproductive system 723<br/>Neena Sood, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Fibroids (Uterine Leiomyomas) 723<br/>Contents xxvii<br/>• Carcinoma Cervix 725<br/>• Endometrial Cancer 726<br/>• Vesicular Mole (Hydatidiform Mole) 728<br/>• Choriocarcinoma 729<br/>• Ectopic Gestation 730<br/>• Ovarian Cysts 732<br/>• Ovarian Cancer 733<br/>• Breast Cancer 738<br/>30. Central Nervous system 742<br/>Neena Sood, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Hydrocephalus 742<br/>• Meningitis 743<br/>• Encephalitis 745<br/>• Thrombosis 746<br/>• Embolism 748<br/>• Stroke 749<br/>• Paraplagia 755<br/>• Quadriplegia 756<br/>• Cns Tumors 757<br/>• Metastatic Tumors 759<br/>31. Skeletal system 762<br/>Aminder Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Bones 762<br/>• Osteoporosis 763<br/>• Osteomyelitis 765<br/>• Osteoarthritis 767<br/>• Bone Tumors 769<br/>Section 3: Clinical Pathology<br/>32. Blood and bone marrow tests 774<br/>Rajeev Goyal, Monil Singhai, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Blood Tests 774<br/>• Hemoglobin 774<br/>• Blood Cell Counts 776<br/>• Hemogram 776<br/>• Bleeding Time, Clotting Time and Prothrombin Time 781<br/>xxviii Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses<br/>• Blood Grouping and Crossmatching 782<br/>• Blood Biochemistry 784<br/>• Blood Gases 785<br/>• Disturbance in Acid-Base Balance 785<br/>• Blood Culture 786<br/>• Bone Marrow Examination 787<br/>• Serological and Immunological Tests and Other Blood Tests 787<br/>• Specimen Collection for Laboratory Analysis 790<br/>33. Body cavity fluids, transudates and exudates tests 793<br/>Neena Sood, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis 793<br/>• Examination of Sputum 795<br/>• Analysis of Gastric Constituents 797<br/>• Analysis of Duodenal Contents 798<br/>• Analysis of Peritoneal Fluid 799<br/>• Analysis of Pericardial Fluid 800<br/>• Analysis of Semen 802<br/>• Transudates and Exudates 804<br/>34. Urine and Feces Analysis 806<br/>Gagandeep Singh, Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Urine Examination 806<br/>• Fecal Examination 809<br/>Division B: Genetics<br/>35. Introduction to Genetics 817<br/>Suresh K Sharma, Sohinder Kaur<br/>• Introduction 817<br/>• Concept of Genetics 817<br/>• Basic Genetic Terms 818<br/>• Practical Applications of Genetics in Nursing 819<br/>• Impact of Genetic Conditions on Families 823<br/>• Review of Cellular Division 827<br/>• Genes 841<br/>• Protein Biosynthesis 849<br/>• Genetic Code 851<br/>• Naming Genes 853<br/>Contents xxix<br/>• Chromosome 853<br/>• Chromosomal Aberrations Chromosomal Mutation 857<br/>• Mechanism of Inheritance 860<br/>• Laws of Inheritance 861<br/>• Autosomal Dominant 863<br/>• Autosomal Recessive 865<br/>• Sex-Linked Inheritance 867<br/>• Codominant Pattern of Inheretance 872<br/>• Mitochondrial Pattern of Inheritance 873<br/>• Multifactororial Pattern of Inheritance 874<br/>• Facts About Transmission of Genetic Disorders 874<br/>• Multiple Allots and Blood Groups 876<br/>• Gene Mutation (Errors of Transmission) 879<br/>• Reduced Penetrance and Variable Expressivity 886<br/>• Anticipation 886<br/>36. Emerging Paradigm of Genetics in Nursing 889<br/>Suresh K Sharma<br/>• Ntroduction 889<br/>• Genetic Nursing Practice Milestones 890<br/>• Roles of Nurses in Genetics 891<br/>• Importance of Genetics in Nursing Curriculum 891<br/>• Barriers and Approaches for Implementation of Genetics in Nursing 893<br/>• Assumptions Regarding Genetics and Health Care in Future 894<br/>37. Maternal and Prenatal Genetics 897<br/>Suresh K Sharma, Vandana Mehta<br/>• Introduction 897<br/>• Genetics and Infection 897<br/>• Consanguinity Atopy 901<br/>• Prenatal Nutrition and Food Allergies 904<br/>• Role of Prenatal Nutrition in Prevention of Genetic Disorders 907<br/>• Maternal Age 908<br/>• Maternal Drug Therapy 911<br/>• Effects of Radiation, Drugs and Chemicals 916<br/>• Prenatal Testing and Diagnosis 924<br/>• Non-Invasive Tests 926<br/>• Invasive Tests 928<br/>xxx Textbook of Pharmacology, Pathology and Genetics for Nurses<br/>• Preimplantation Prenatal Diagnosis 936<br/>• Infertility 938<br/>• Spontaneous Abortions 946<br/>• Neural Tube Defects (Ntd) 949<br/>• Down Syndrome 956<br/>38. Neonatal and Children Testing or Screening 964<br/>Suresh K Sharma, Jyoti Arora<br/>• Introduction 964<br/>• Meaning and Purpose 964<br/>• Newborn Screening 965<br/>• Genetic Testing and Screening in Children 967<br/>• Congenital Abnormalities 971<br/>• Developmental Delay 973<br/>• Dysmorphism 977<br/>• Role of Nurses in Genetic Testing for Neonates and Children 978<br/>39. Genetic Conditions of Adolescents and Adults 980<br/>Suresh K Sharma, Kumar Satish Ravi<br/>• Genetic Statistics 980<br/>• Naming Genetic Conditions 980<br/>• Common Genetic Conditions Discussed in Chapter 981<br/>• Cancer Genetics: Familial Cancer 981<br/>• Inborn Errors of Metabolism 984<br/>• Phenylketonuria 987<br/>• Maple Syrup Urine Disease 988<br/>• Gaucher’ Disease 989<br/>• Blood Group Alleles and Hematological Disorders 991<br/>• Genetic Hemochromatosis 1008<br/>• Huntington’s Disease 1011<br/>• Mental Illness 1014<br/>• Therapeutic Approaches for Genetic Disorders 1016<br/>• Nursing Management in Genetic Disorders 1018<br/>40. Services Related to Genetics 1028<br/>Suresh K Sharma, Mohd Salahuddin Ansari<br/>• Introduction 1028<br/>• Genetic Testing 1028<br/>• Human Genome Project 1036<br/>Contents xxxi<br/>• The Genomic Era 1040<br/>• Gene Therapy 1043<br/>• Eugenic Movement 1049<br/>• Genetic Counseling 1050<br/>• Pharmacogenomics 1053<br/> Glossary 1055<br/>• Terms Related to Pathology 1055<br/>• Terms Related to Genetics 1063<br/>Index |
