| General note |
1. ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL ACUITY 1<br/> Nitin Nema<br/>History 1<br/>Principle 1<br/>Recording of distant visual acuity 2<br/>Bailey-Lovie chart 2<br/>Normal vision 3<br/>Near visual acuity 4<br/>Factors affecting visual acuity 4<br/>Visual acuity assessment in infants and children 7<br/>Procedure for testing visual acuity 9<br/>Near vision in children 10<br/>2. COLOR VISION AND COLOR BLINDNESS 11<br/> Harinder Singh Sethi<br/>Color vision 11<br/>Factors affecting color vision 11<br/>Illumination 12<br/>Theories of color vision 12<br/>Anatomy of color vision 13<br/>Anomalies of color vision 14<br/>Color vision testing 16<br/>Other tests 23<br/>3. SLIT-LAMP EXAMINATION 26<br/>Arulmozhi Verman<br/>History of slit-lamp development 26<br/>Types of illumination used in slit–lamp examination 27<br/>Gonioscopy 34<br/>4. CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY 38<br/>Francisco Arnalich, David Piñero, Jorge L Alió<br/>History of corneal measurement 38<br/>Shape of the normal cornea 39<br/>Fundamentals and technological approaches to corneal topography 40<br/>How to interpret a corneal topography map 42<br/>A good topography examination 45<br/>Quantitative descriptors of corneal topography: corneal indexes 46<br/>Corneal aberrometry: fundamentals and clinical applications 48<br/>Clinical uses of corneal topography 51<br/>xviii Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology<br/>5. CORNEAL CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY 60 Manotosh Ray<br/>Optics 60<br/>Confocal microscopy in corneal pathologies 63<br/>6. TONOMETRY 69 Shefali Parikh, Rajul Parikh<br/>What is intraocular pressure? 69<br/>7. GONIOSCOPY 77 Ronnie Jacob George, A Parivadhini, A Narayanaswamy, L Vijaya<br/>Optical principles 77<br/>8. OPTIC DISC ASSESSMENT IN GLAUCOMA 87 Nikhil S Choudhari, G Chandra Sekhar<br/>Methods of optic disc examination 87<br/>Features of glaucomatous disc damage 87<br/>9. PERIMETRY 96 Devindra Sood, NR Rangaraj<br/>Evolution of octopus perimeter 96<br/>Basic terminologies in perimetry 98<br/>Measurement strategies 99<br/>Humphrey visual field analyzer 102<br/>Humphrey field analyzer 109<br/>10. IMAGING IN GLAUCOMA 118 Rajul Parikh, Shefali Parikh<br/>Heidelberg retinal tomogram (HRT II<br/>/HRT III) 118<br/>Scanning laser polarimetry 123<br/>Optical coherence tomography 124<br/>11. OPHTHALMOSCOPY 129 Pukhraj Rishi, Tarun Sharma<br/>Principles of ophthalmoscopy 129<br/>Indirect ophthalmoscopy 129<br/>Head mounted binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy 130<br/>Monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy 134<br/>Modified monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy 135<br/>Penlight ophthalmoscopy 136<br/>Direct ophthalmoscopy 136<br/>Hruby lens direct ophthalmoscopy 137<br/>Wide angle viewing system 137<br/>12. OPHTHALMIC PHOTOGRAPHY 140 Sadao Kanagami<br/>35-mm camera 140<br/>Fundus camera 140<br/>Photo slit-lamp (Kowa attachment) 142<br/>Photography in operating theater 143<br/>Contents xix<br/>Specular microscopy 143<br/>Imaging system 143<br/>Photography of face and skin 145<br/>Photography of pupil 145<br/>External photography 146<br/>Optical system of fundus camera 147<br/>Fundus photography 147<br/>Fluorescein angiography 148<br/>Monochromatic fundus photography 150<br/>Photo slit-lamp biomicrography of anterior segment 151<br/>13. FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY 152<br/>R Kim, S Manoj<br/>History 152<br/>Basic principles 152<br/>Properties of sodium fluorescein 152<br/>Technique and equipment 153<br/>Digital angiography 153<br/>Procedure for fundus fluorescein angiography 154<br/>Stereophotography 155<br/>Side effects and complications 155<br/>Basic anatomic considerations 156<br/>Normal fundus fluorescein angiography 156<br/>Abnormal fluorescence angiography 158<br/>Iris fluorescein angiography 165<br/>14. INDOC YANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHY 167<br/>Vasumathy Vedantham<br/>Indocyanine green angiography vs fluorescein angiography 167<br/>Indocyanine green 167<br/>15. A-SCAN ULTRASONOGRAPHY 179<br/>Rajiv Nath, Tinku Bali, Monica Saha<br/>History 179<br/>Physics of ultrasound 179<br/>Instrumentation 180<br/>Vector A-scan display 181<br/>Basic screening examination 181<br/>A-scan in common ocular pathologies 184<br/>Biometry 189<br/>Biometry in ocular pathologies 191<br/>Limitations and pitfalls of A-scan 191<br/>16. B-SCAN ULTRASONOGRAPHY 195<br/>Taraprasad Das, Vasumathy Vedantham, Anjali Hussain, Sanghamitra Kanungo, LS Mohan Ram<br/>Physics and basic technology 195<br/>Ultrasound unit 195<br/>Screening techniques 196<br/>Structural anomalies 207<br/>Immersion B-scan 208<br/>xx Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology<br/>17. ULTRASOUND BIOMICROSCOPY 211<br/>Muna Bhende, Vanuli Bajpai<br/>Basic physics 211<br/>Instrumentation 211<br/>Technique 211<br/>18. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS FOR VISUAL FUNCTION ASSESSMENT 218<br/>Subhadra Jalali, LS Mohan Ram, Garima Tyagi, Kallakuri Sumasri<br/>Visual electrophysiology tests 218<br/>Electro-oculogram 219<br/>Electroretinogram 221<br/>19. PENTACAM 251<br/>Rohit Shetty, Ashwin Shetty<br/>Output 252<br/>Topography 253<br/>20. ANTERIOR SEGMENT OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 263<br/>R Ramakrishnan, Arijit Mitra<br/>Principle of optical coherence tomography 263<br/>Measurement tools 265<br/>21. SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 280<br/>Sripathi Kamath, Rajeev R Pappuru<br/>Spectral domain optical coherence tomography vIz time<br/>domain optical coherence tomography 289<br/>22. INTRAOCULAR LENS POWER CALCULATION 291<br/>Himanshu Shekhar, Rajesh Sinha, Jeewan S Titiyal<br/>Intraocular lens power formulas 291<br/>Optical biometry 295<br/>Intraocular lens power calculation in special situations 296<br/>23. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES IN INFECTIOUS KERATITIS 299<br/>Savitri Sharma, Sreedharan Athmanathan<br/>Corneal confocal microscopy 299<br/>Molecular methods 308<br/>Protocol for viral keratitis 308<br/>24. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES IN UVEITIS 314<br/>Jyotirmay Biswas, Reesha KR<br/>Anterior chamber paracentesis 314<br/>Vitreous tap and diagnostic vitrectomy 316<br/>Vitrectomy 317<br/>Handling and testing of aqueous and vitreous specimen 317<br/>25. RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 321<br/>Yog Raj Sharma, Parijat Chandra, Rajni Sharma, Raj Vardhan Azad<br/>Etiology 321<br/>Contents xxi<br/>International classification of retinopathy of prematurity 321<br/>Fluorescein angiography 324<br/>Ultrasound biomicroscopy 325<br/>Ultrasonography 326<br/>26. LOCALIZATION OF INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY 328<br/>Amit Nagpal, Lingam Gopal<br/>Types of intraocular foreign bodies 328<br/>Ultrasound biomicroscopy 330<br/>27. CONCOMITANT STRABISMUS: DIAGNOSTIC METHODS 333<br/>Digvijay Singh, Harinder Singh Sethi, Pradeep Sharma<br/>Diagnostic method 333<br/>Qualitative tests 334<br/>Quantitative tests 335<br/>28. INCOMITANT STRABISMUS: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 343<br/>P Vijayalakshmi, P Vrushali, R Muralidhar<br/>Paralytic strabismus 343<br/>Restrictive strabismus 355<br/>29. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES IN DRY EYE DISEASE 360<br/>Jayesh Vazirani, Virender Sangwan<br/>Definition 360<br/>Dry eye diagnosis 360<br/>Slit-lamp examination 360<br/>39. EVALUATION OF EPIPHORA 364<br/>AK Grover, Rituraj Baruah, Shaloo Bageja<br/>Applied anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal apparatus 364<br/>Tear secretion and elimination 366<br/>Evaluation of epiphora 366<br/>31. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES IN PROPTOSIS 376<br/>Mandeep S Bajaj, Sanjiv Gupta<br/>Diagnostic techniques 377<br/>Imaging techniques 377<br/>Blood tests 383<br/>Biopsy techniques 384<br/>Pathology techniques 385<br/>Additional investigations 386<br/>32. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES FOR GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED EYE DISEASES 388<br/>Sudha Dhandayuthapani, Sarangapani Sripriya, Nagasamy Soumittra, Jayamuruga Pandian Arunachalam<br/>DNA-based gene screening (or) molecular diagnostics 388<br/>Chromosomal study/cytogenetics 396<br/>Genetic counseling 399<br/>Quality management in a genetic laboratory 401<br/>Safety in a genetic laboratory 401<br/>xxii Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology<br/>33. DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES IN INTRAOCULAR MALIGNANCIES 404<br/>Mohammad Javed Ali, Sneha Jay Shah, Santosh G Honavar<br/>Ultrasonography 404<br/>Fundus fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography 406<br/>Computed tomography 407<br/>Magnetic resonance imaging 409<br/>Fine needle aspiration biopsy/cytology (FNAB/FNAC) 410<br/>34. PUPIL 413<br/>Navin Jayakumar<br/>Functional anatomy and physiology of the pupil reflexes 413<br/>Principles and techniques of pupil examination 416<br/>Disorders of pupil function 423<br/>35. PTOSIS EVALUATION 432<br/>AK Grover, Shaloo Bageja<br/>Classification 432<br/>Clinical evaluation 432<br/>Laboratory studies 438<br/>36. OCULAR MOTOR NERVE PALSIES 440<br/>Shivcharan L Chandravanshi, Nitin Nema<br/>Oculomotor nerve palsy 440<br/>Trochlear nerve palsy 443<br/>Abducens nerve palsy 446 |
